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261.
This study systematically compared parents in abducting families with families litigating custody. Findings indicate that risks for parental abduction of children are multidetermined by: (1) a heightened concern about very young children being exposed to neglectful, endangering, or criminal environments by the other parent; (2) unsubstantiated allegations of sexual abuse; (3) heightened distrust of and less respect for law and authority; and (4) a reluctance to seek help from the courts. Abducting families were also predominantly socially and economically disadvantaged: parents were less likely to have been married to one another; they had lower incomes, were more poorly educated, and were disproportionately members of minority racial and ethnic groups. The social policy dilemmas of identifying these differences as risk factors are discussed together with suggestions for risk management. 相似文献
262.
Marie Johnston 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1999,18(1):71-87
The main research questions concerning mood and chronic disease are about the extent, sources, and consequences of emotional
distress. Answers to these questions are informative both to psychological theory and to the design of interventions aimed
at improving outcomes for patients. However, as a result of practical and ethical limitations in research designs, the answers
obtained are rarely definitive and typically need to be interpreted carefully. This article illustrates some of the problems
using studies of patients with cancer, myocardial infarction, stroke, and other disabling conditions. The first group of studies
illustrates problems in the timing of mood measurement including both timing within an interview, and issues concerned with
identifying equivalent timing in the stages of disease and its treatment. The remaining studies are used to illustrate the
limits of non-experimental longitudinal, and of experimental designs. It is concluded that research in this area requires
the use of more than one research paradigm to achieve dependable answers. 相似文献
263.
Johnston MA 《Psychological reports》1999,84(1):31-34
Research into the relationship between attachment quality in both children and adults suggests links with patterns of exploration; however, exploration has been operationalized differently in studies of adults and children. This study examined adults' patterns of exploration operationalized in terms of novelty seeking, curiosity, and impulsivity, as in studies of children. Analysis indicated avoidant adults reported significantly lower curiosity than did securely attached adults, while preoccupied subjects showed no differences from either secure or avoidant groups. As in studies of children, groups did not differ on measures of novelty seeking or impulsivity. 相似文献
264.
Caroline Lamsdale Robert Wood Chris Mulrooney 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》1999,7(3):170-176
The application form currently used in police officer recruitment neither measures competencies necessary ‘on the job’, nor screens out inappropriate applicants. To improve this situation, a competency-based application form was developed and trialled in three police forces. Results were compared with those obtained via the assessment centre acting as the first competency screening stage of the current selection process. A high level of correspondence was found between the two sets of results raising a query as to whether the application form could be a valid replacement for the assessment centre. A future validation study, in which the performance of recruited police officers is compared with application form results, will better answer this question. In the meantime, it is proposed that the competency-based application form questions are incorporated into the current form to reduce the number of inappropriate applicants reaching expensive, labour-intensive stages of the selection process. 相似文献
265.
Clive Fletcher Caroline Baldry Nicole Cunningham-Snell 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》1998,6(1):19-34
Amongst the purported advantages of multi-rater feedback systems is their greater accuracy and objectivity. It is argued here that these benefits may be more imagined than real, and that there is no reason to believe such systems will avoid many of the rating errors and distortions found in traditional top-down appraisal. The first study reported in this paper investigates the psychometric soundness and concurrent validity of a pilot 360 degree feedback scheme operated by a multi-national oil company. The second study describes how analysis of the data provided by the first study was used to re-design the rating form, and demonstrates the resulting improvement achieved in the psychometric properties of the 360 degree scheme. It also examined some of the variables that influence rater’s assessment of the target managers. The conclusion is drawn that unless such feedback systems — irrespective of whether they are used for development or for appraisal — are constructed and evaluated along the lines associated with psychometric tests, they may produce assessments that are seriously misleading. 相似文献
266.
Previous research has shown that stereotype-based judgements can be attenuated through the attribution of disconfirming information to individual group members. Typically in these studies, subjects are forced to process all the available in formation, including disconfirming information, before providing their impressions of the group. In the reported research, in contrast, we attempted to create a more naturalistic paradigm by allowing subjects to control the amount and nature of information they received about individual group members. Under these conditions, we expected subjects to instigate a biased information-seeking strategy and display a preference for stereotype-matching rather than stereotype-mismatching information. Our results supported this prediction. When subjects could control the nature and amount of information they received about a target group they showed: (i) a preference for stereotype-matching information and (ii) no change in their stereotypic impressions of the group. When, however, subjects were forced to process all the available information, their stereotypic evaluation of the group diminished. These findings demonstrate the general resistance of stereotypes to change in naturalistic, information-seeking settings. 相似文献
267.
In three experiments, we studied the relation between degree of implicit learning and two aspects of short-term memory: (l) the activation level of the to-be-learned information, and (2) individual differences in short-term memory capacity. In all the experiments, we used the Nissen and Bullemer (1987) serial reaction time paradigm or a modification thereof. The effects of activation level were assessed by experimentally manipulating the rate of presentation. Individual differences in short-term memory capacity were assessed via traditional span measures. The experiments demonstrated that the rate of presentation reliably affected an indirect measure of learning (i.e., response time) under both incidental and intentional task instructions and under both single-task and dual-task conditions. Short-term memory span was reliably related to the indirect measure of learning only in some experimental conditions. The findings represent important constraints for models of implicit serial learning and are discussed within a general framework for understanding implicit learning and memory. 相似文献
268.
The authors describe the specific steps of the Faculty Peer Consultation Program that provides faculty members with feedback from students in their classroom. In addition, evaluative data are provided from faculty and students that provide preliminary evidence for the utility of the program. Moreover, minor problems are identified, and possible modifications are suggested. 相似文献
269.
Dennis M. Kivlighan Joseph A. Johnston R. Sean Hogan Ellen Mauer 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1994,72(3):289-292
The Adaptive Counseling and Therapy (ACT: Howard, Nance, & Myers, 1986) model was used to predict who would benefit from computerized career counseling. Specifically, clients who had more stable goals and aspirations and more defensive independence were expected to derive more benefit from computerized career counseling, an intervention that provides low levels of direction and support. A total of 54 clients who came to the Career Planning and Placement Center seeking career assistance were referred to the System for Interactive Guidance and Information PLUS (SIGI-PLUS). As hypothesized, clients with more stable goals had the greatest gains in vocational identity. Additionally, clients who showed more defensive independence were more satisfied with the SIGI-PLUS treatment. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
270.