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651.
In free recall tasks, when low- and high-frequency items are mixed within the to-be-remembered lists, the usual recall advantage
found for high-frequency words is eliminated or reversed. Recently, this mixedlist paradox has also been demonstrated for
short-term serial recall (Hulme, Stuart, Brown, & Morin, 2003). Although a number of theoretical interpretations of this mixed-list
paradox have been proposed, researchers have also suggested that it could simply be a result of participant-controlled strategies
(M. J. Watkins, LeCompte, & Kim, 2000). The present study was designed to assess whether this explanation could be applied
to immediate and delayed serial recall. The results showed that high-frequency words were recalled better than low-frequency
words in pure lists, but that this effect was eliminated in mixed lists, whether they were given under intentional or incidental
learning conditions. This pattern suggests that the mixed-list paradox cannot be explained by participant-controlled strategies. 相似文献
652.
653.
Selective attentional biases were examined amongst individuals varying in levels of physical anxiety sensitivity. The dot-probe paradigm was used to examine attention towards anxiety symptomatology, social threat and positive words. Stimuli were presented above (unmasked) and below (masked) the level of conscious awareness. High physical anxiety sensitivity was associated with attentional vigilance for anxiety symptomatology words in both unmasked and masked conditions. For positive words, however, those high in anxiety sensitivity were found to avoid such stimuli when they were masked, whereas they exhibited a relative vigilance when unmasked. If the differences between awareness conditions are reliable, then the impact of the automatic vigilance for threat might be modified by conscious attempts to direct attention towards other types of stimuli. 相似文献
654.
Color-naming latencies to noncolor words and nonwords were faster when the onset or final phoneme of the displays corresponded to the onset or final phoneme of the color response. For example, for displays printed in red, the word rack and nonword rask, which share the initial onset phoneme with the response, led to faster naming than did the control word chap and nonword chup. Conversely, when the onset or final phoneme of the displays matched the onset or final phoneme of a conflicting color response (e.g., rack printed in blue), latencies were longer than to control items. Facilitation effects were stronger than interference effects, and the onset phoneme facilitation effect was augmented by coloring only the initial letter in the display. It is hypothesized that nonlexical processes that govern the translation of print to speech may be a source of facilitation in Stroop-like tasks, whereas lexical processes are more likely to contribute to interference. 相似文献
655.
The relationship between the drive for muscularity and anthropometric measures of muscularity and adiposity 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Researchers have found consistently positive associations between women's body dissatisfaction and the desire to be thin and anthropometric indices of the amount of body fat they care on their frame. However, with the increasing emphasis being given to men's body image concerns, such as the drive for muscularity, it is important to study the relationship between men's desire to become more muscular and the actual amount of muscle they carry on their frames. That is, because men who want to become muscular can achieve that through strength training, do those with a high drive for muscularity have a high level of muscle mass? We explored this issue in a sample of 100 college-aged men and found that only one of four anthropometric measure of muscularity (flexed bicep circumference) was predictive of engaging in muscularity-oriented behaviors, while none predicted attitudes about becoming more muscular. These findings suggest either that men's drive for muscularity is unrelated to their actual level of muscularity or that current anthropometric indices are not accurate enough for a significant relationship to emerge. Suggestions for future research and study limitations were discussed. 相似文献
656.
Two studies examined the higher-order factor structure of DSM-IV personality disorders using the International Personality Disorder Examination in male forensic psychiatric patients. In Study 1 (N = 168), exploratory factor analysis at the level of individual personality disorder criteria indicated nine primary factors. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of these first-order factors supported a hierarchical structure in which two of three second-order factors covaried to yield a third-order factor. The two resulting superordinate factors were labelled Anxious-Inhibited and Acting Out. In Study 2 (N = 160), we used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to test hypotheses of common dimensions underlying these superordinate factors of personality disorder and superordinate factors of the five-factor model of personality, dimensions of the interpersonal circle, and psychopathy. Of three common factors, one combined Anxious-Inhibited disorders, "neurotic introversion," and hostile-submission. The other two factors of Acting Out/ psychopathy and antagonism/hostile-dominance covaried to yield a superordinate factor. Possible substrates underlying two superordinate dimensions common to normal and abnormal personality were identified in the theoretical literature. 相似文献
657.
Whitbeck C 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(3):463-476
Certain attributes are particularly desirable for public educational websites, and websites for ethics education in particular. Among the most important of these attributes is wide accessibility through adherence to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) standards for HTML code. Adherence to this standard produces webpages that can be rendered by a full range of web browsers, including Braille and speech browsers. Although almost no academic websites, including ethics websites, and even fewer commercial websites are accessible by W3C standards, as illustrated by the Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science , even websites created on limited budgets and with an undergraduate student staff can fulfill these standards. Other desirable attributes, such as provision of annotation for all links and the use of annotated links to give the user alternate ways of ordering and organizing content, are important for making full use of the educational possibilities of hypermedia for websites. 相似文献
658.
Confidentiality is one of the foundations on which psychotherapy is built. Limitations on confidentiality in the therapeutic process have been explained and explored by many authors and organizations. However, controversy and confusion continue to exist with regard to the limitations on confidentiality in situations where clients are considering their options at the end of life and after a client has died. This article review these 2 areas and provides some suggestions for future research. 相似文献
659.
Louise Parry Arthur Shores Caroline Rae Allan Kemp Mary-Clare Waugh Ray Chaseling Pamela Joy 《Child neuropsychology》2004,10(4):248-261
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and its association with neuropsychological functioning was examined in the chronic injury phase of paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Fifteen children, aged 10-16 years, with severe TBIs were compared with 15 controls, matched for age and gender. The TBI group was found to have significantly lower levels of -acetyl aspartate (NAA) and Choline (Cho) in the right frontal lobe and generally displayed reduced performances on neuropsychological tests. A correlation between metabolites and reaction times was also obtained. Findings indicate a role of proton MRS as a measure of neuronal integrity following severe paediatric TBI and suggest a potential association of MRS with specific neuropsychological impairments. 相似文献
660.
Past research suggests that men perceive women with large pupils as especially attractive. We employed an innovative methodology to examine whether this effect influences consumer decision-making. A popular psychology book was published with two slightly different front covers. Both covers contained the same photograph of a woman; however, the woman's pupils on one cover were digitally enlarged. Readers indicated whether they were male or female, and whether they possessed the cover with small or large pupils. A significantly greater percentage of men than women had chosen the cover with the large pupils. None of the participants who attempted to guess the nature of the experiment was correct, suggesting that the influence exerted by pupil size was unconscious. These findings provide further support for the notion that people's judgments are unconsciously swayed by pupil size, and demonstrate that this effect operates in a real world setting. 相似文献