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151.
Joanne Goodall Caroline Fisher Sarah Hetrick Lisa Phillips Emma M. Parrish Kelly Allott 《Neuropsychology review》2018,28(2):216-231
Background: Depression is among the most common mental health problems for young people. In adults, depression is associated with neurocognitive deficits that reduce the effectiveness of treatment and impair educational and vocational functioning. Compared to adults, less is known about the neurocognitive functioning of young people with depression, and existing research has reported inconsistent findings. Method: This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized the literature on neurocognitive functioning in currently depressed youth aged 12–25 years in comparison to healthy controls. Results: Following a systematic review of the literature, 23 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Poorer performance in the domains of attention (SMD: .50, 95% CI: .18–.83, p?=?.002), verbal memory (SMD: .78, 95% CI: .50–1.0, p?<?.001), visual memory (SMD: .65, 95% CI: .30–.99, p?<?.001), verbal reasoning/knowledge (SMD: .46; 95% CI: .14–.79; p?<?0.001) and IQ (SMD: .32; 95% CI: .08–.56; p?=?0.01) were identified in depressed youth. Relative weaknesses in processing speed/reaction time and verbal learning were also evident, however, these findings disappeared when the quality of studies was controlled for. Moderator analysis showed a tendency for poorer set-shifting ability in younger depressed participants relative to controls (although non-significant; p?=?.05). Moderator analysis of medication status showed taking medication was associated with poorer attentional functioning compared to those not taking medication. Conclusion: The findings suggest that currently depressed young people display a range of neurocognitive weaknesses which may impact treatment engagement and outcome. The findings support the need to consider neurocognitive functioning when treating youth with depression. 相似文献
152.
Josée Savard Marie-Hélène Savard Aude Caplette-Gingras Lucie Casault Caroline Camateros 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2018,25(2):275-285
This paper describes the development, content, and preliminary results of a group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for fear of cancer recurrence (FCR). A manualized CBT intervention was developed and offered to 38 patients with various cancer types and stages in two hospitals. Four weekly group CBT sessions were administered by two licensed psychologists as part of routine care. Patients completed self-report scales before the first treatment session and, a second time, 1 month after the last session.Overall, 33 patients had clinical levels of FCR at baseline. The participants’ satisfaction toward the group CBT for FCR was high. Significant reductions on the total score and most subscales of the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory (FCRI) were observed, as well as significant improvements on most of the other psychological variables measured (i.e., insomnia, anxiety, depression, dysfunctional beliefs about cancer, and intolerance of uncertainty). In addition, 52% of the patients with clinical levels of FCR (FCRI-severity subscale score ≥ 13) at baseline no longer reached this clinical threshold at posttreatment.These preliminary results suggest that our group CBT for FCR is well accepted and feasible, and shows promising efficacy for decreasing FCR and improving other psychological variables among cancer patients. The next step is to investigate the efficacy of this minimal intervention in larger and controlled clinical trials, as well as its usefulness as part of a stepped care approach.This low-cost intervention is easy to implement in various clinical settings and has a strong potential to help large numbers of patients with FCR. 相似文献
153.
Markus Martini Caroline Martini Thomas Maran Pierre Sachse 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2018,30(5-6):558-569
Recent work shows that post-encoding wakeful rest, in contrast to a cognitive task delay period, supports memory performance. The present study aimed at investigating whether study time modulates the impact of post-encoding rest on delayed memory performance. Healthy young adults were allocated to one of two “study time” groups (fixed-paced vs. self-paced). Participants encoded two word lists. After immediate recall of one word list, participants wakefully rested for 8?min, after the other, they performed a visual problem solving task. A delayed recall took place at the end of the experimental session (Experiment 1) and again after 7 days (Experiment 1?+?2). We found that participants in the self-paced group outperformed those in the fixed-paced group. In Experiment 1, participants showed higher memory performances after 7 days in the resting condition independent of study time. No significant differences between post-encoding (rest vs. problem solving) and study time conditions were found in Experiment 2. Combined analyses of both experiments revealed that an additional recall (Experiment 1) supported memory retention in both post-encoding conditions. Our findings suggest that resting is beneficial over the long term, but only when the encoded information is repeatedly retrieved at the end of a learning session. 相似文献
154.
Jonathan A. Smith Caroline Dancyger Melissa Wallace Chris Jacobs Susan Michie 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(1):23-34
It is important to study communication processes in families where members are undergoing testing for genetic conditions because
the information received from such testing is crucial not just to the individual concerned but also to other members of the
biological family. This topic has received little research attention, in part because of the complexities of methodology required.
In this paper we present the development of a method specifically designed for the examination of the content and process
of communication of genetic information in families. The method aims to maximize ecological validity as far as is possible.
We describe how participants and other family members are recruited and how data were collected. We outline three main data
analytic strategies: a graphic to show how genetic information changes as it flows from clinic and through the family, an
intensive qualitative analysis of the meaning and impact of the genetic information to different family members, and an informative
genogram which plots key family dynamics. This method will be illustrated in relation to a study of ten family-groups where
one individual has been found to carry a genetic mutation predisposing them to hereditary breast and ovarian cancer. 相似文献
155.
156.
157.
Animal Cognition - The ability to recognize conspecifics by their acoustic signals is of crucial importance to social animals, especially where visibility is limited, because it allows for... 相似文献
158.
John S. Watson Richard Umansky Stephanie Marcy Caroline Johnston Betty Repacholi 《Journal of applied developmental psychology》1996,17(4):160
Major behavioral features of Rett syndrome are the loss of instrumental reaching and grasping and the presentation of some variant of hand-hand or hand-mouth stereotypy. As part of an experimental home intervention program, a 3-year-old girl with Rett syndrome was exposed to four types of contingency games designed to elicit instrumental reaching, kicking, vocalization, and eye movement, respectively. Parent and subject performance were videorecorded on seven occasions over the initial 2-month period. Evaluation of these records provided evidence of contingency learning in all but the vocalization games. Stereotypic hand clasping was examined in relation to the performance of instrumental behavior (reaching, kicking, looking). Coincidental (short-term mutual inhibition arising by chance co-occurrence), associative (short-term mutual inhibition arising by having elicitor in common), and foundational (long-term mutual inhibition arising by having neural network in common) forms of specific behavioral competition were defined and examined. Evidence for coincidental and foundational competition was found in the relation between reaching and hand clasping. Implications for the support of functional hand use are discussed. 相似文献
159.
Charles Glagola Moshe Kam Caroline Whitebeck Michael C. Loui 《Science and engineering ethics》1997,3(4):463-480
At a conference, two engineering professors and a philosophy professor discussed the teaching of ethics in engineering and
computer science. The panelists considered the integration of material on ethics into technical courses, the role of ethical
theory in teaching applied ethics, the relationship between cases and codes of ethics, the enlisting of support of engineering
faculty, the background needed to teach ethics, and the assessment of student outcomes. Several audience members contributed
comments, particularly on teaching ethical theory and on student assessment.
This panel discussion took place at a mini-conference, Practicing and Teaching Ethics in Engineering and Computing, held during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, Washington, D.C., March 8–9,
1997.
Biographical information on panelists:
Charles Glagola is an assistant professor of civil engineering at the University of Florida. He is a registered professional engineer in
the states of Florida and Alabama. Before coming to academia, he had extensive industry experience culminating with his owning
and operating a construction and engineering firm in Pensacola, Florida. He currently teaches engineering ethics as part of
a professional issues course in the Department of Civil Engineering, and a one-hour engineering ethics course that is offered
to all engineering students through the College of Engineering.
Moshe Kam is professor of electrical and computer engineering at Drexel University. He heads Drexel’s Data Fusion Laboratory which
specializes in multisensor systems and robot navigation. His professional interests include detection and estimation, distributed
decision making, forensic applications of image processing, and engineering ethics.
Michael Loui is professor of electrical and computer engineering and associate dean of the Graduate College at the University of Illinois
at Urbana-Champaign. From 1990 to 1991, he served at the National Science Foundation in Washington, D.C. His scholarly interests
include computational complexity theory, theory of parallel and distributed computation, fault-tolerant software, and professional
ethics.
Caroline Whitbeck is a philosopher of science, technology and medicine and is the Elmer G. Beamer-Hubert H. Shneider Professor in Ethics at
Case-Western Reserve University. She also directs the WWW Ethics Center for Engineering & Science— http://ethics.cwru.edu—
under a grant from the National Science Foundation. The focus of her current work is practical ethics, especially ethics in
scholarly and scientific research. Her book, Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research, will appear from Cambridge University Press in winter 1997–98. 相似文献
160.
Bailey CE Manis FR Pedersen WC Seidenberg MS 《Journal of experimental child psychology》2004,87(2):125-154
A word-learning task was used to investigate variation among developmental dyslexics classified as phonological and surface dyslexics. Dyslexic children and chronological age (CA)- and reading level (RL)-matched normal readers were taught to pronounce novel nonsense words such as veep. Words were assigned either a regular (e.g., "veep") or an irregular (e.g., "vip") pronunciation. Phonological dyslexics learned both regular and exception words more slowly than the normal readers and, unlike the other groups, did not show a regular-word advantage. Surface dyslexics also learned regular and exception words more slowly than the CA group, consistent with a specific problem in mastering arbitrary item-specific pronunciations, but their performance resembled that of the RL group. The results parallel earlier findings from Manis, Seidenberg, Doi, McBride-Chang, & Petersen [Cognition 58 (1996) 157-195] indicating that surface dyslexics and phonological dyslexics have a different profile of reading deficits, with surface dyslexics resembling younger normal readers and phonological dyslexics showing a specific phonological deficit. Models of reading and reading disability need to account for the heterogeneity in reading processes among dyslexic children. 相似文献