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241.
Depression and Social Anxiety in Children: Differential Links with Coping Strategies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mark Wright Robin Banerjee Willemijn Hoek Carolien Rieffe Sheida Novin 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(3):405-419
Strategies that children use for coping with stressors are known to be related to emotional adjustment, but not enough is
understood about specific links with social anxiety and depression. The present investigation tested differentiated associations
of social anxiety and depression with specific types of coping strategies, and evaluated the direction of these associations
over time. In Study 1, 404 children aged 8–13 years completed a coping scale modified from Kochendefer-Ladd and Skinner (Developmental Psychology 38:267-278, 2002) in order to evaluate factor structure and subscale internal consistency. In Study 2, 270 8–11-year-old children completed depression and social anxiety scales, a sociometric survey, and the coping scale from
Study 1, with a follow-up timepoint 9 months later. In Study 1, factor analysis revealed six internally consistent coping subscales. In Study 2, social anxiety and depression were found to have distinctive longitudinal associations with subsequent coping strategies.
Decreased problem-solving, social support-seeking, and distraction were uniquely predicted by depression but not by social
anxiety. Internalising coping was a stronger outcome of social anxiety, and increased externalising was uniquely predicted
by depression. There was also some evidence for a moderating role of peer relations. However, none of the coping strategies
predicted changes in depression or social anxiety over the two timepoints. These results highlight the impact that emotional
adjustment may have on children’s coping strategies, and clarify important distinctions between social anxiety and depression
in relation to coping. 相似文献
242.
Tako A. Horsley Bram Orobio de Castro Menno Van der Schoot 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(5):587-599
Acording to social information processing theories, aggressive children are hypersensitive to cues of hostility and threat
in other people’s behavior. However, even though there is ample evidence that aggressive children over-interpret others’ behaviors
as hostile, it is unclear whether this hostile attribution tendency does actually result from overattending to hostile and
threatening cues. Since encoding is posited to consist of rapid automatic processes, it is hard to assess with the selfreport
measures that have been used so far. Therefore, we used a novel approach to investigate visual encoding of social information.
The eye movements of thirty 10–13 year old children with lower levels and thirty children with higher levels of aggressive
behavior were monitored in real time with an eyetracker, as the children viewed ten different cartoon series of ambiguous
provocation situations. In addition, participants answered questions concerning encoding and interpretation. Aggressive children
did not attend more to hostile cues, nor attend less to non-hostile cues than non-aggressive children. Contrary, aggressive
children looked longer at non-hostile cues, but nonetheless attributed more hostile intent than their non-aggressive peers.
These findings contradict the traditional bottom-up processing hypotheses that aggressive behavior would be related with failure
to attend to non-hostile cues. The findings seem best explained by topdown information processing, where aggressive children’s
pre-existing hostile intent schemata (1) direct attention towards schema inconsistent non-hostile cues, (2) prevent further
processing and recall of such schema-inconsistent information, and (3) lead to hostile intent attribution and aggressive responding,
disregarding the schema-inconsistent non-hostile information. 相似文献
243.
Thom Van Dooren 《Science as culture》2013,22(1):71-94
What is mental disorder and how can it be identified? These are complex and multifaceted questions, given the multiple ambiguities that centre on the psychopathological concepts employed within contemporary psychiatry and psychology. Yet, scientists investigating mental disorders must successfully resolve these uncertainties if research is to continue. For neuroscientists studying the contested conditions antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, psychiatric and psychological classifications and concepts are used to substantiate one another. This co-produces epistemological and ontological un/certainties, without wholly resolving philosophical and methodological questions regarding what mental disorders are and how they can be recognised. Indeed, these ambiguities are rendered (relatively) unimportant. This kind of practical uncertainty work is thus an important aspect of the investigative process, performing an essential role in the continuation of scientific knowledge production, the legitimation of professional orientations, and the validation of psychopathological concepts. 相似文献
244.
Christopher J. Palmer Gary E. Riccio Richard E. A. Van Emmerik 《Ecological Psychology》2013,25(2):95-121
Orientation toward one's surroundings is necessary for prospective control of action, and constraints on orienting activity have consequences for animal survival. Physically coupled load is a constraint for humans wearing protective equipment (firefighters, soldiers, etc.). The consequences of load on postural affordances while transitioning to upright stance was used to quantify the impact of different soldier configurations. Eight participants established upright posture in 4 relevant load configurations (5.0 to 79.2 lb). Load affected the accessibility of optical information at a distance as evidenced by increasing downward head angles and reductions in postural coordination. Reductions in the variability of time to establish upright stance with load suggests a loss of functional adaptability. Load asymmetries played a significant role as the most asymmetric configuration (not the heaviest) had the most detrimental effect on postural affordances. Center of Pressure (CoP) dynamics reflected the consequences of asymmetric loading on postural regulation as greater power and fluctuations across frequencies were observed. Physically coupled load induces significant constraints on orienting activity, and load asymmetry contributes significantly to the detrimental effects of protective equipment on action-perception coupling during whole-body movements. 相似文献
245.
Judy L. Van Raalte Devon D. Brewer Britton W. Brewer Darwyn E. Linder 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2013,25(2):222-233
Abstract This study surveys recently graduated sport psychology (SP) doctoral students' (N = 34) educational backgrounds, work experiences, and perceptions of the professional field of SP inside and outside the realm of academia. Special attention was given to subjects' perceptions and expectations with regard to applied work in SP, actual work experiences, and income. Findings indicate that almost all graduates are spending their time in a variety of work activities, i.e., some combination of teaching, research, consulting, administration, and coaching, with a strong emphasis on teaching in an academic institution. Gender analysis revealed that, in general, females earned 74% of what males earned; females earned 53% of what males earned outside academia. Graduates' personal comments suggest a concern about consumer demand and financial support offered applied professionals in SP as well as the adequacy of their own training to provide applied services. Implications for AAASP and SP program directors are provided. 相似文献
246.
Jana Van Niekerk 《The International journal for the psychology of religion》2013,23(4):257-270
ABSTRACTThis research uses multilevel structural equation modeling to examine Muslims’ attitudes toward interfaith marriage with Christians in 22 countries with a Muslim majority population (N = 21,373). Attitudes toward interfaith marriage, for sons and daughters separately, were measured with single items, and three binary items were used to measure participants’ religious beliefs. Overall attitudes were negative and more negative toward marriage of one’s daughter compared to one’s son. Stronger religious belief was associated with more negative attitudes, but less so for Muslims who perceived more similarities than differences between Islam and Christianity. Perceived religious similarity was associated with more positive attitudes. The proportion of Christians in a country was not associated with interfaith marriage attitudes. However, the association between belief and attitude was found to differ considerably across countries. 相似文献
247.
Vassilis Saroglou Olivier Corneille Patty Van Cappellen 《The International journal for the psychology of religion》2013,23(3):143-154
According to many theoretical perspectives, religion is positively associated with submission and conformity. However, no study to date provided experimental evidence for this hypothesis. We did so in two experiments that relied on priming procedures. In Experiment 1, participants were tested for the strength of their religion-submission associations by using a lexical decision task. In Experiment 2, participants were primed with either religious or neutral concepts and were invited or not by the experimenter to take revenge on an individual who had allegedly criticized them. Both studies provided evidence for the expected religion-submission association, although the effects were limited to participants scoring high in personal submissiveness. Among these individuals, religious priming increased the accessibility of submission-related concepts (Experiment 1) and the acceptance of a morally problematic request for revenge (Experiment 2). Discussion focuses on questions for future research and implications for our understanding of religion's role in morality and interpersonal relations. 相似文献
248.
Don E. Davis Joshua N. Hook Everett L. Worthington Jr. Daryl R. Van Tongeren Aubrey L. Gartner David J. Jennings II 《The International journal for the psychology of religion》2013,23(4):288-302
In the study of spirituality and forgiveness, researchers have begun to look at how dynamic spiritual experiences influence forgiveness. In three studies, we develop the Relational Engagement of the Sacred for a Transgression (REST) Scale, which assesses the extent to which victims actively engage a relationship with the Sacred to deal with a specific transgression. In Study 1, exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the factor structure of the REST. In Study 2, the factor structure was replicated using confirmatory factory analysis. The REST was correlated with religious commitment and negatively related to avoidant attachment to God. In Study 3, evidence supporting the scale's construct validity was adduced. REST scores were correlated with other appraisals of relational spirituality. Structural equation modeling was used to compare theoretical models. REST scores were related to dedication to the Sacred and viewing the transgression as a desecration. In addition, REST scores were positively related to empathy, which was positively related to forgiveness. Furthermore, REST scores predicted forgiveness above and beyond other appraisals of relational spirituality. 相似文献
249.
Rein De Cooman Dave Stynen Anja Van den Broeck Luc Sels Hans De Witte 《Journal of applied social psychology》2013,43(6):1342-1352
To explore the motivational potential of job design, we linked job demands and job resources, as defined in the job demands–resources model, to the motivational process defined in self‐determination theory. Specifically, we introduced basic need satisfaction and autonomous motivation as consecutive process variables mediating the relationship between job design and work effort. We tested this model by means of structural equation modeling in a sample of 689 employees. The comparison of several competing models provided support for the hypothesized model. We conclude that job demands thwart and job resources promote the fulfillment of 3 psychological needs. High levels of need satisfaction, in turn, are associated with autonomous motivation and, therefore, with high levels of effort. 相似文献
250.
The relation between spontaneous color choices and ratings of the prototypicality, conspicuousness, and pleasantness of colors was studied in a sample of Dutch college students. Pleasantness, not prototypicality or conspicuousness, determined the four most frequent spontaneous choices—red, blue, green, and purple. Subjects considered blue the most pleasant of the 12 colors studied, which suggests a pleasantness explanation for the “blue phenomenon” found in some countries. The predominance of red as a spontaneous choice replicated the results of previous studies in the Netherlands. Red also was rated highest in prototypicality but was not rated higher by red choosers than by choosers of other colors, so that a simple prototypicality explanation was rejected. Further analysis showed that the predominance of red as the spontaneous choice of Dutch subjects can be explained by an interaction between prototypicality and pleasantness: Subjects tended to choose red when they rated it highly on both variables. 相似文献