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151.
This research comparatively assessed grouping mechanisms of humans (n = 8) and baboons (n = 8) in an illusory task that employs configurations of target and surrounding circles arranged to induce the Ebbinghaus (Titchener) illusion. Analyses of response behaviors and points of subjective equality demonstrated that only humans misjudged the central target size under the influence of the Ebbinghaus illusion, whereas baboons expressed a more veridical perception of target sizes. It is argued that humans adopted a global mode of stimulus processing of the illusory figure in our task that has favored the illusion. By contrast, a strong local mode of stimulus processing with attention restricted to the target must have prevented illusory effects in baboons. These findings suggest that monkeys and humans have evolved modes of object recognition that do not similarly rely on the same gestalt principles. 相似文献
152.
This study aimed to determine whether horses have a kind of memory of humans (based on previous interactions), leading to
a general significance of humans revealed by their reactions to humans in subsequent interactions. Subjects were 59 adult
horses used to interact daily with humans. Three types of behavioural tests involving an unknown experimenter evaluated three
possibly different memorized types of human–animal interactions (not work-related, using work-related objects, unfamiliar
working task). We also performed standardized observations of routine interactions between each horse and its familiar handler
(caretaker). To get a broad overview of the horses’ reactions to humans, we recorded both investigative and aggressive behaviours
during the tests, representing respectively a “positive” and a “negative” memory of the relationship. Whereas correlations
between tests revealed a general perception of humans as either positive or negative, unusual tests, i.e. that are not usually
performed, elicited more positive reactions. Moreover, some horses reacted positively to a motionless person in their box,
but negatively when this same person approached them, for example for halter fitting. Overall, aggressive reactions were more
reliable indicators of the relationship than positive reactions, both between tests and between familiar and unfamiliar humans.
Our results also show generalization of the perception of humans. These results support our hypothesis that perception of
humans by horses may be based on experience, i.e. repeated interactions. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that
horses can form a memory of humans that impacts their reactions in subsequent interactions. 相似文献
153.
Maria Sigala Carole B. Burgoyne Paul Webley 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》1999,9(3):237-241
An in‐depth, semi‐structured, interview study was conducted with 23 British employed and self‐employed taxpayers in various occupations. The study points to factors discouraging tax communication and proposes social norms as an alternative way of investigating social influence on taxpaying behaviour. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
154.
A representative sample of college students was surveyed about nutritional habits and motivations to eat. Females were more
likely to report dieting, being overweight, reading nutritional labels, eating healthy meals, as well as hungering for and
consuming lower fat foods compared to males. Males reported a greater hunger for and consumption of candy bars compared to
females. Thus, females may not be as ambivalent about eating sweet or higher fat foods as previously suggested. The experimental
manipulation involved exposing subjects to either candy before the survey, candy with the survey, or just the survey with
no candy exposure. Females exposed to the candy preload indicated an increased hunger for fruits and vegetables compared to
female controls.
Portions of this research have been presented at the 1999 annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association in Providence,
RI. The authors would like to thank Mr. Steve Lukasik and Ms. Christie Piedmont for their assistance on this project. 相似文献
155.
In the present study a representative sample of students from a general college population were exposed to a list of written
food cues and asked to rate each of the foods according to its nutritional value. Subjects who were exposed to the food list
subsequently reported increases in hunger, desire to eat, and number of foods currently hungry for, as well as reduced fullness,
compared to controls who were not exposed to the food list. Also, there was a trend for the food-cued subjects to report hunger
for lower fat foods compared to the controls. The results are discussed in terms of previous research and suggestions for
future research are provided. 相似文献
156.
Victoria Clarke Maree Burns Carole Burgoyne 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2008,18(5):420-439
The practice of a woman assuming her husband's last name upon marriage is a deeply embedded norm in some countries. Whether or not individual heterosexual couples reproduce or resist this practice, it provides a context for making decisions about marital names. No conventions, other than heteronormative ones, govern naming practices in same‐sex relationships and families, but very little is known about name changing in these contexts. This paper reports an exploratory qualitative study of the ways in which 30 lesbians and gay men in committed relationships made meaning of name changing and keeping. Only one participant reported changing her last name, some considered name changing a future possibility, but most had no plans to change their name. The lack of conventions regarding naming in same‐sex families created a dilemma for some participants—who would take whose name? Many participants did not want to entirely give up their name, thus a hyphenated last name was the most popular option for those contemplating a name change. Accounts of name changing centred on doing/being family. This was also a theme in accounts of name keeping, along with maintaining a continuity of personal and professional identity, avoiding hassle, complications and confusion and resisting heteronormativity. The findings are discussed in relation to other research on naming in same‐sex families and research on heterosexual marital naming practices. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
157.
158.
Carole Marion Garry L. Martin C. T. Yu Charissa Buhler Danni Kerr Amanda Claeys 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2012,45(4):865-870
We examined a procedure consisting of a preference assessment, prompting, contrived conditioned establishing operations, and consequences for correct and incorrect responses for teaching children with autism to mand “which?” We used a modified multiple baseline design across 3 participants. All the children learned to mand “which?” Generalization occurred to the natural environment, to a novel activity, and to a novel container; the results were maintained over time.Key words: mand for information, verbal behavior, verbal operant, whichContrived motivating operations have been used to teach mands for information to children with autism, including the mands “what?” (e.g., Williams, Donley, & Keller, 2000), “where?” (e.g., Betz, Higbee, & Pollard, 2010; Lechago, Carr, Grow, Love, & Almason, 2010), and “who?” (e.g., Endicott & Higbee, 2007; Sundberg, Loeb, Hale, & Eigenheer, 2002). More recently, researchers have examined the effects of contriving establishing operations (CEOs) in four different ways to teach children with autism to acquire the mands “what?” (Marion, Martin, Yu, & Buhler, 2011; Roy-Wsiaki, Marion, Martin, & Yu, 2010) and “where?” (Marion, Martin, Yu, Buhler, & Kerr, in press). Like the mands “what?” and “where?,” the mand “which?” is a mand for information that gives the speaker the ability to gather specific information regarding an item (e.g., “Which book is mine?”). Given the dearth of research that has examined interventions to teach mands for information using “which?,” the purpose of the present study was to extend the work of Marion et al. (2011, in press) by contriving one of four CEOs for teaching the mand “which?” to children with autism, and to assess for generalization to the other CEOs, the natural environment, and over time. 相似文献
159.
160.