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921.
Lisa A. Serbin Jane M. Connor Carol J. Burchardt Cheryl C. Citron 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1979,27(2):303-309
Effect of peer presence on the sex-typed toy choices of 3- and 4-year-olds was investigated in a repeated measures experimental design. Twenty-six girls and thirty-six boys were tested under three conditions: (a) alone; (b) in the presence of a same-sex peer; and (c) in the presence of an opposite-sex peer. Amount of time spent playing with three feminine- and three masculine-stereotyped toys was recorded. For both boys and girls, play with “sex role-inappropriate” toys was significantly lower in the presence of an opposite-sex peer than in the solitary condition. Across conditions boys exhibited less play with opposite-sex-typed toys than girls. Rate of play with opposite-sex-typed toys increased in successive trials for both sexes. These results indicate that the presence of an opposite-sex peer functions as a discriminative stimulus for avoidance of “sex role-inappropriate” play in preschoolers and suggests that preschoolers may have a history of differential reinforcement for sex-typed play in the presence of peers. 相似文献
922.
Carol L. Krumhansl 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1982,32(6):511-523
Two experiments investigated the role that abrupt changes in stimulation play in the processing of visual information. In both experiments, the prestimulus field contained a linear array of alternating characters and the target field contained a single target character in one of the positions of the prestimulus array. The target character was either identical to the character in the prestimulus array in that position (no-form change) or was a different character (form change). In the first experiment, the duration of the prestimulus array was 500 msec, and judgments about both the target’s form and location were found to be more accurate in the form-change condition. In the second experiment, the duration of the prestimulus array was varied from 10 to 320 msec. A general decrease was found in performance (in both form and location judgments) as the duration of the prestimulus array was increased. The detrimental effect of increasing the duration of the prestimulus array was larger for no-form-change than for form-change trials. These results are accounted for by a quantitative model that assumes that a stimulus onset initiates a brief period of rapid information processing, followed by a period with reduced rate of processing. 相似文献
923.
Carol Netzer 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1980,2(1):22-38
This paper elaborates the Palazzoli group's idea of hubris in family systems using two case examples. The first case illustrates the symmetry in a couple who are too richly cross-joined and the escalating hubristic position of each partner. The intervention that unbalanced the system was based on the Milanese group's theory. The second couple shows what the author calls reverse symmetry. They have a somewhat greater capacity for transformation than the first, which suggests a higher level of psychosexual development. In both cases, the theory behind the intervention is outlined and there is an attempt at rapprochement between systems theory and some aspects of individual psychology. For example, homeostasis and the need for safety, symmetry, projection and the repetition compulsion are shown to be common to both. Pathological narcissism which pervades the psychotic family is defined as the hubristic action itself. The form that the narcissism takes within the family in turn determines the hubristic position of its members; three forms are described. 相似文献
924.
D. E. Anderson R. L. Ray S. Lease G. E. Billman D. C. Randall O. A. Smith C. A. Astley D. F. Taylor J. S. Turkkan A. H. Harris O. J. Andy V. Read A. Cowley D. Peeler J. B. Cabot D. M. Goff D. H. Cohen Thomas J. Carew W. H. Bridger G. A. Barr G. T. Schimmel G. B. Glavin F. L. Royer S. A. Corson E. O. Corson R. A. Lanese R. M. Andrysco W. C. Stanley Sven O. E. Ebbesson M. E. Bitterman R. Bruce Masterton Richard F. Thompson Bernard Lown Delos D. Wickens Carol D. Wickens B. H. Natelson T. M. Poandl R. McCarty C. F. Knapp J. M. Evans W. Wilson F. Freemon T. Ban W. Petrie C. Clinton W. S. Middleton 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1980,15(2):82-90
925.
Carol M. Christensen 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1980,28(4):347-353
Subjects used magnitude estimation to judge the perceived saltiness or sweetness of a series of aqueous solutions containing five suprathreshold concentrations of NaCl or sucrose and thickened with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). In the first experiment, CMC-H (high viscosity form) was used to thicken a series of sucrose and NaCl solutions to six viscosity levels (1–2,025 centistokes). At the highest viscosity levels, significant decreases occurred in the perceived taste intensity of only the lower concentrations of sucrose and NaCl. A second experiment determined that variations in the quantity of solution sampled from cups did not systematically influence judgments of saltiness when the starting volume was 10 ml. In the third experiment, aqueous solutions containing sucrose or NaCl were thickened with the low (L), medium (M), or high (H) viscosity form of CMC (1–1,296 centistokes). CMC-L-thickened solutions produced little or no suppression of perceived taste intensity, whereas viscous CMC-H solutions produced significant reductions in perceived saltiness and sweetness. 相似文献
926.
Poggendorff illusions were generated by real edges, subjective contours, and various control patterns. Using both magnitude estimation and reproduction measures of illusion strength, it was found that subjective contours produced a reliable Poggendorff illusion. This clarifies previous reports which could not demonstrate a subjective contour-based illusion. 相似文献
927.
928.
Needs assessment activities are presented as a basis for gathering information essential to program development, revision, and evaluation. Needs assessment activities include surveys of trends advocated by national authorities and consumers and identification of needs of students and local school systems. These data form the basis for developing program objectives in a sequentially ordered multilevel program. 相似文献
929.
Though embedding analogy in a text can improve acquisition of concepts that are relatively unfamiliar to learners (Donnelly
& McDaniel, 1993), it remains uncertain how analogy influences learning for learners with some background knowledge for the
target material. We develop several theoretical possibilities and report an experiment to test these possibilities. Target
concepts familiar to college students were expressed either in literal form or through analogy, and the concepts were presented
in a manner that either facilitated or discouraged contact with subjects’ prior knowledge. As revealed by multiple-choice
testing, analogy facilitated learning when the targets were presented to discourage contact with prior knowledge. In contrast,
analogy decreased performance when the same targets were presented to facilitate contact with prior knowledge. Possible interpretations
of this unique finding are discussed. 相似文献
930.