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391.
Word-fragment completion is a frequently used test in implicit memory research. A database of 196 Spanish fragments was recently published (Dasí, Soler, & Ruiz, 2004) in which the fragments were described for indices, such as difficulty, familiarity, frequency, number of meanings, and so on (www.psychonomic.org/archive). In this work, a new index, the priming index, is described for the same 196 fragments. This index is calculated for each fragment by subtracting the difficulty index (the proportion of correct completion when the fragment is not studied) from the proportion of correct completion when the fragment is studied, and it means the capacity of an item to be primed. In order to determine whether the new index performs well, we have replicated some important experimental effects, such as priming, frequency, and difficulty. We consider that this index can help researchers to better select stimuli for fragment-completion tasks. 相似文献
392.
Many African American women begin counseling stigmatized by race and gender and may be targets of additional discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, class, age, and other social variables. In this article, the authors discuss “womanist” spirituality as a means for African American women to cope with racism, sexism, and multiple social stigmas. 相似文献
393.
Carmen A. Lucas Neil Brewer Zoe E. Michael Tammie R. Foster 《Applied cognitive psychology》2020,34(6):1495-1509
Eyewitness researchers recommend that “not present” and “don't know” response options should be presented with police lineups. Although it is important that witnesses—most of whom are unlikely to be familiar with the identification task—are fully cognizant of all response options available to them, an understanding of how explicit non-identification options affect performance is lacking. Across four experiments, including 3,633 participants and 8 different stimulus sets, we tested the effects of including non-identification options in computer-administered lineups. When explicit non-identification options were presented, target-present and -absent choosing decreased. This decrease in choosing was characterized by a shift from filler identifications to lineup rejections. ROC analyses revealed that there was no overall difference in discriminability between guilty and innocent suspects depending on response option condition. On balance, the findings suggest that, in addition to informing witnesses about acceptable responses, displaying non-identification response options does not undermine identification performance. 相似文献
394.
395.
Amanda M. VanDerHeyden Carmen Broussard Amanda Cooley 《Journal of School Psychology》2006,44(6):533-553
The purpose of this study was to examine the progress monitoring and screening accuracy for a set of curriculum-based measures (CBM) of early mathematics skills. Measures included counting objects, selecting numbers, naming numbers, counting, and visual discrimination. Measures were designed to be administered with preschoolers in a short period of time using a developmentally appropriate format, and to constitute minimal disruption to the classroom routine. Previous research indicated that each of these measures produced scores with acceptable consistency across alternate forms on consecutive days. Scores yielded on the experimental probes correlated moderately, in most cases, with two commonly used standardized measures (i.e., the Brigance Screens and TEMA-2). Performance on the probes also correlated with teacher rankings and ratings of child performance. In the present study, data were collected in two phases. In the first phase, a cohort of children were administered the early math measures in spring of preschool and were followed into winter of kindergarten where they were administered kindergarten CBM probes to examine the degree to which performance in preschool (as measured by the early math probes) could predict performance on similar tasks in kindergarten. Second, risk criteria were examined and compared to identification by the Brigance Screens. These analyses provided data about the potential accuracy of the probes for screening. In the second phase, sensitivity of the probes to performance differences was examined by comparing mean performance on the probes of preschoolers and kindergartners. The lowest-performing children were provided with seven intervention sessions to examine the degree to which probes could detect growth resulting from intervention. Directions for future research and implications for practice are discussed. 相似文献
396.
Simões HG Hiyane WC Benford RE Madrid B Prada FA Moreira SR de Oliveira RJ Nakamura FY Campbell CS 《Perceptual and motor skills》2010,111(2):365-378
The validity of rating of perceived exertion (RPE) in predicting lactate threshold during an incremental test was analyzed in 15 men with type 2 diabetes (M age = 53.4 yr., SD = 12.9). Blood glucose, lactate, and minute ventilation (VE)/VO2 responses identified the lactate, ventilatory, and glucose thresholds. Workloads (W) corresponding to RPEs 12, 13, 14, and 15 were determined. Second-order polynomials fit to VE/W and [lac]/W ratios corresponding to RPEs of 9-10, 12-13, and 16-17 also identified workloads above which there was an overproportional increase in VE and [lac]. These workload breakpoints did not differ, although at RPE 12 underestimated and at RPE 15 overestimated lactate threshold. RPE 13 and 14 and the responses of VE/W and [lac]/W to submaximal exercise accurately predicted lactate threshold. 相似文献
397.
Miguel Ángel Muñoz Ma Isabel Viedma-del-Jesus Ma Carmen Fernández-Santaella Ma Isabel Peralta-Ramírez Antonio Cepeda-Benito Jaime Vila 《Motivation and emotion》2010,34(1):93-103
Smoking cues that increase craving are subjectively described by smokers as pleasant rather than unpleasant. However, it remains
controversial whether the motivational nature of these smoking cues is consistent with an appetitive or aversion-relief model
of tobacco craving. In the two studies presented here, the Bioinformational model of emotion proposed by Lang was used to
address this issue. In study I, 40 smokers (10 males) assessed a set of tobacco-related pictures and a subset of standard
pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures in order to examine how craving relates to the three general dimensions of emotion:
valence, arousal, and dominance. Results showed that the tobacco-related images were all assessed as appetitive, and craving
was correlated positively with valence (r = .863, p < .0001) and arousal (r = .923, p < .0001) and negatively with dominance (r = −.504, p < .002). In study II, 24 female abstinent smokers were examined using Lang’s startle modulation paradigm in order to assess
whether tobacco-related pictures, compared to standard pleasant and unpleasant ones, inhibited the startle response, consistent
with an appetitive model of tobacco craving. Contrary to expectations, the startle response during visualization of tobacco-related
pictures was more similar in magnitude to the response to unpleasant than to pleasant images, a finding inconsistent with
an appetitive model of tobacco craving. 相似文献
398.
The aims of this study were: (a) to examine the prevalence of corporal punishment (CP) of children in Spain; (b) to analyze the extent to which CP is used in combination with psychological aggression and positive parenting among Spanish parents; and (c) to investigate whether the relation between CP and behavior problems is moderated by a positive parenting context in which CP may be used, and by the co-occurrence of psychological aggression. The sample comprised 1,071 Spanish university students (74.8% female; 25.2% male). Findings indicate a high prevalence of CP of Spanish students, revealing that significantly more mothers than fathers used CP. Furthermore, more CP is related to more use of psychological aggression and less of positive parenting. Regression analyses revealed that CP was associated with an increased probability of antisocial traits and behaviors regardless of whether there was positive parenting and psychological aggression. These results highlight that, though many Spanish parents use CP as a disciplinary strategy, it appears to be related to negative outcomes for children regardless the parental context in which it is used. 相似文献
399.
This brief article examines a painting by the extraordinarily gifted artist Salvador Dali, a prominent exponent of the art
termed surrealism, based on the Freudian concepts of subconscious, automatism, and free association. Particular attention
is drawn in the painting to the birth canal, symbolized by an open-mouthed fish in the process of “giving birth” to a half-born
tiger who is appearing to assault a sleeping female lying on the beach; as well as to a pomegranate representing the female
ova. 相似文献
400.
Carmen Binnewies Sabine Sonnentag Eva J. Mojza 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2010,83(2):419-441
For most employees, the weekend offers the opportunity to recover and unwind from demands faced during the working week. In this study, first, we examined which factors contribute to employees' successful recovery during the weekend. Second, we investigated if being highly recovered after the weekend benefits different dimensions of job performance during the week. Using a within‐person design we conducted a week‐level study with 133 employees over four working weeks. Participants responded to weekly web‐based surveys at the beginning and at the end of the working week. Hierarchical linear modelling showed that psychological detachment, relaxation, and mastery experiences during the weekend predicted the state of being recovered at the beginning of the working week. The state of being recovered in turn predicted fluctuations in weekly task performance, personal initiative, organizational citizenship behaviour, and low perceived effort. Our results stress the importance of recovery during the weekend for both the individual and for organizations. 相似文献