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61.
Fragile X syndrome is primarily due to a CGG repeat expansion found in the FMR1 X-linked gene. In a previous study, we conducted
focus groups with women to assess their attitudes towards fragile X carrier screening. In this follow-up study, we conducted
in-depth interviews of general population reproductive-age women who were identified as carriers. We explored their attitudes
toward testing for carrier status of the fragile X mutation. These women underwent screening primarily to participate in a
research project rather than in search of a diagnosis for specific symptoms. As such, these women were wholly unprepared for
positive carrier results. Their responses about their results and carrier screening, in many cases, were being worked out
over the course of the interview itself. The most salient finding of this work is the apparent lack of relevance of carrier
status to these women. Many expressed that although the information could be relevant in the future, it is not relevant at
this stage of their lives in terms of family planning (either with respect to having unaffected offspring or to premature
ovarian failure) and personal relationships. Although issues of abortion seemed prominent in the focus groups, we found that
carrier status did not have an apparent effect on women’s attitudes about termination. We hypothesize this may be related
to the fact that women had not processed their new carrier status and had not related it to previously-formed personal opinions.
The findings of this work have significant implications for genetic counseling and population screening. Genetic counselors
should be mindful that general population women may not recognize the immediate importance of their carrier status even when
literature is provided and discussed prior to providing a sample. As part of comprehensive genetic counseling, counselors
should identify the reproductive life stage of the woman receiving the new information and help her identify when this information
would be more meaningful in her life. Counselors can assist in setting up a personalized road map with specific types of services
that will be more applicable to the woman as her carrier status becomes more relevant. 相似文献
62.
Placing a prosodic boundary before a phrase may influence its syntactic analysis. However, the boundary’s effect depends on
the presence, size, and position of other, earlier, prosodic boundaries. In three experiments, we extend previous results
about the effect of the position of the early boundary. In sentences in which a final phrase may modify either a local verb
or an earlier verb, a boundary immediately after the first verb leads to more first-verb attachments than when the earlier
boundary appears in another position between the two verbs (Experiments 1 and 2). This effect cannot be attributed to weaker
effects of more distant boundaries (Experiment 2), but is likely due to the first verb being more prominent when a boundary
immediately follows it, since similar effects are observed when the verb is accented (Experiment 3). The results support the
informative boundary hypothesis and show that the impact of earlier, nonlocal boundaries is not fully uniform. 相似文献
63.
Vuontela V Steenari MR Aronen ET Korvenoja A Aronen HJ Carlson S 《Brain and cognition》2009,69(1):56-64
Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and n-back tasks we investigated whether, in 11-13-year-old children, spatial (location) and nonspatial (color) information is differentially processed during visual attention (0-back) and working memory (WM) (2-back) tasks and whether such cognitive task performance, compared to a resting state, results in regional deactivation. The location 0-back task, compared to the color 0-back task, activated segregated areas in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortices whereas no differentially activated voxels were obtained when location and color 2-back tasks were directly contrasted. Several midline cortical areas were less active during 0- and 2-back task performance than resting state. The task-induced deactivation increased with task difficulty as demonstrated by larger deactivation during 2-back than 0-back tasks. The results suggest that, in 11-13-year-old children, the visual attentional network is differently recruited by spatial and nonspatial information processing, but the functional organization of cortical activation in WM in this age group is not based on the type of information processed. Furthermore, 11-13-year-old children exhibited a similar pattern of cortical deactivation that has been reported in adults during cognitive task performance compared to a resting state. 相似文献
64.
ABSTRACT— There are signs that the debate over racial and gender differences in intelligence is about to begin again. In this article we will be concerned primarily with racial differences but will make remarks about gender differences where applicable. Previously there have been bitter arguments over whether or not races exist, over whether it is either important or proper to study racial and gender differences in intelligence, and over the conclusions that have been drawn about environmental and genetic causes as determinants of these differences. We argue that races do, indeed, exist and that studying differences in cognitive competence between groups is a reasonable thing to do. We also point out that past research on both racial and gender differences in intelligence has been marked by methodological errors and overgeneralizations by researchers on all sides of the issue. We propose ten principles of design, analysis, and reporting that ought to be considered carefully when doing or evaluating research in this area. 相似文献
65.
Relations among body image satisfaction and social comparisons to either same-sex peers or media models were examined in 2 studies of adolescent boys and girls. In the first study, 9th and 10th graders described their conceptions of attractiveness for same- and opposite-sex adolescents. These attractiveness attributes were then used in Study 2 in which 7th- and 10th-grade boys and girls reported on social comparisons to models/celebrities and same-sex peers. Body dissatisfaction was also assessed. The results confirmed that both same-sex peers and models/celebrities were the targets of social comparisons for physical attributes, but comparisons on personal and social attributes were more likely directed toward same-sex peers. For boys and girls, weight comparisons to both peer and model targets were primary correlates of body dissatisfaction. In addition, shape comparisons reported by the girls and facial comparisons endorsed by the boys also related to body dissatisfaction. Gender differences in social comparison indicated that girls reported more social comparisons across targets and attributes. Results are discussed in terms of the role of social comparison and peer context for body image during adolescence. 相似文献
66.
Panentheism has recently become a widely accepted and appreciated concept among scholars in the science-theology dialogue, and its theological repercussions have been discussed to great extent. Yet, there remains to be studied in more detail the notion of the philosophical foundations of the term. A prominent gap in our understanding of these foundations is the potential similarity between the metaphysics of Hegel and Whitehead, their understanding of the transcendence and immanence of God, and their respective versions of panentheism. In this article, I present a critical reflection on the possible resemblance between process thought and Hegelian metaphysics and philosophy of God. In the last section I refer to those who use panentheism within the science-theology dialogue. I try to specify which of the two versions of panentheism, that of Hegel or Whitehead, is more popular among those scholars. 相似文献
67.
Accumulating evidence suggests that North Americans tend to focus on central objects whereas East Asians tend to pay more attention to contextual information in a visual scene. Although it is generally believed that such culturally divergent attention tendencies develop through socialization, existing evidence largely depends on adult samples. Moreover, no past research has investigated the relation between context‐sensitivity and other domains of cognitive development. The present study examined children in the United States and Japan (N = 175, age 4–9 years) to investigate the developmental pattern in context‐sensitivity and its relation to executive function. The study found that context‐sensitivity increased with age across cultures. Nevertheless, Japanese children showed significantly greater context‐sensitivity than American children. Also, context‐sensitivity fully mediated the cultural difference in a set‐shifting executive function task, which might help explain past findings that East Asian children outperformed their American counterparts on executive function. 相似文献
68.
Charles W. Eriksen Thomas S. Greenspon Joseph Lappin William A. Carlson 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1966,1(11):415-419
Visual form identification at brief durations was studied under: (a) monocular presentation; (b) dichopic presentation where the same form was presented successively on noncorresponding areas; and (c) dichopic presentation where the same form was presented on corresponding areas simultaneously and successively. Form identification for noncorresponding area dichopic presentation was at the level to be expected from 2independent chances to perceive. Both simultaneous and successive dichopic presentation on corresponding areas gave identification accuracy significantly above the level predicted by the assumption of independence. However, the binocular summation was not complete. When the same amount of energy entering the visual system in a binocular presentation was given in a monocular stimulation, the latter condition gave significantly better identification. 相似文献
69.
Carlson K Dickey MW Frazier L Clifton C 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2009,62(1):114-139
In English, new information typically appears late in the sentence, as does primary accent. Because of this tendency, perceivers might expect the final constituent or constituents of a sentence to contain informational focus. This expectation should in turn affect how they comprehend focus-sensitive constructions such as ellipsis sentences. Results from four experiments on sluicing sentences (e.g., The mobster implicated the thug, but we can't find out who else) suggest that perceivers do prefer to place focus late in the sentence, though that preference can be mitigated by prosodic information (pitch accents, Experiment 2) or syntactic information (clefted sentences, Experiment 3) indicating that focus is located elsewhere. Furthermore, it is not necessarily the direct object, but the informationally focused constituent that is the preferred antecedent (Experiment 4). Expectations regarding the information structure of a sentence, which are only partly cancellable by means of overt focus markers, may explain persistent biases in ellipsis resolution. 相似文献
70.
The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of a single-item measure of Usual Physical Activity and to assess its usefulness as a physical activity tool for perimenopausal women. 188 perimenopausal women participated (age: M = 47 yr., SD = 3; range = 40-55). Data were collected using the Women's Health Assessment Scale, the Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Perimenopause-related Quality of Life Scale, a health history and demographic questionnaire, and the rater. Scores were stable over a 2-wk. interval. Convergent validity was supported by a correlation of .66 between ratings on Usual Physical Activity and the Physical Activity Questionnaire. Concurrent validity was supported by the association of the rating of Usual Physical Activity with three parameters of Body Mass Index, psychosomatic symptoms, and perimenopause related quality of life, known to be associated with physical activity. Highly active women had a lower Body Mass Index than less active and inactive women. Active women tended to report fewer and less distressing psychosomatic symptoms and better quality of life. These findings support the use of rating of Usual Physical Activity to classify perimenopausal women into categories of physical activity. 相似文献