A contextual approach on sex-related biases in pain judgements: The moderator effects of evidence of pathology and patients’ distress cues on nurses’ judgements of chronic low-back pain

Although women report feeling more pain than men, their pain is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. By proposing a gender-based theoretical conceptualisation, we argue that such sex-related biases may be enhanced or suppressed by contextual variables pertaining to the clinical situation, the perceiver or the patient. Consequently, we aimed to explore the moderator role of two clinically relevant variables in a chronic low-back pain (CLBP) scenario: diagnostic evidence of pathology (EP) and pain behaviours conveying distress. One-hundred and twenty-six female nurses (M?=?35.33, SD?=?7.64) participated in an experimental between-subjects design, 2 (patient's sex)?×?2 (EP: present vs. absent)?×?2 (pain behaviours: with vs. without distress). Independent variables were operationalised by vignettes depicting a patient with CLBP. Nurses judged the patient's pain on several dimensions: (1) credibility; (2) disability; (3) severity of the clinical situation; (4) psychological attributions and (5) willingness to offer support. Main findings showed that judgements of women's pain were influenced by EP, while judgements of men's pain were not. Moreover, nurses showed biases against men, but only in the presence of EP. The influence of distress cues was less consistent. Theoretical and practical implications are drawn.     

Emotional (Non-)Expression and Health: Data,Questions, and Challenges

The available evidence on the relationship between expression and non-expression of emotions (E/NE) and health is selectively and critically reviewed. It is concluded that research in this field still lacks conceptual lucidity with regard to the many existing E/NE concepts. Despite the fact that few studies adopted appropriate designs for examining causal relationships, some intriguing results have been reported showing promise for the future. These results involve prospective associations between E/NE and chronic disease, such as cardiovascular disease and HIV infection related outcomes. Future studies have to better discriminate between (i) various forms of E/NE, (ii) different (social) contexts of E/NE as well as different cognitive decision processes underlying E/NE, and (iii) individuals for whom different forms of E/NE may be adaptive. We recommend that besides (quasi)experimental studies on the potential mechanisms involved, more prospective studies are conducted in this field in order to allow for causal inferences.     

Neurological subtle signs and cognitive development: A study in late childhood and adolescence

Introduction and Aim: Neurological subtle signs (NSS) are often observed during the neurological examination of children and tend to disappear with age. Their persistence into late adolescence or young adulthood has been related to psychiatric and neurocognitive disorders. To provide a better understanding of their functional basis, a longitudinal correlational study with neurocognitive measurements was performed.

Method: We conducted multiple regression and correlation analyses of NSS with demographic and cognitive measures on a subset of 341 healthy children (56% males), taking part in a longitudinal dental study. Participants, whose ages ranged between 11–15 years, at first evaluation, undertook yearly, during 5 years, a 6-item NSS exam (producing a total score ranging between 0–18) and a comprehensive battery of neurocognitive tests. Effects of age, gender, IQ, and 7 neurocognitive factors on NSS were analyzed.

Results: Over the years, NSS scores correlated consistently with selective attention (Stroop test), motor speed (finger tapping), and visuomotor speed (pegboard speed).

Discussion: These results suggest that the disappearance of NSS in late childhood and adolescence occurs primarily in parallel with the development of motor and visuomotor functions and secondarily in relation to higher order functions such as selective attention (Stroop) and executive control (B-A Trails difference).     

On Ratio Measures of Confirmation

There are different Bayesian measures to calculate the degree of confirmation of a hypothesis H in respect of a particular piece of evidence E. Zalabardo (Analysis 69:630–635, 2009) is a recent attempt to defend the likelihood-ratio measure (LR) against the probability-ratio measure (PR). The main disagreement between LR and PR concerns their sensitivity to prior probabilities. Zalabardo invokes intuitive plausibility as the appropriate criterion for choosing between them. Furthermore, he claims that it favours the ordering of pairs evidence/hypothesis generated by LR. We will argue, however, that the intuitive non-numerical example provided by Zalabardo does not show that prior probabilities do not affect the degree of confirmation. On account of this, we conclude that there is no compelling reason to endorse LR qua measure of degree of confirmation. On the other side, we should not forget some technicalities which still benefit PR.     

Parenting and the dysregulation profile predict executive functioning in children with acquired brain injury

Background: Children with acquired brain injury (ABI) present with high rates of psychological disorders commonly accompanied by deficits in hot and cold executive functions (EFs). Impairments in EFs have been reported to precede mental health problems. Moreover, children who are vulnerable to developing mental health problems in adulthood frequently present with a dysregulation profile in childhood, characterized by impairments in cognitive, behavioral and emotional regulation. Objective: To identify profiles of behaviors associated with impairment in hot and cold EFs and compare injury factors, environmental stressors and dysregulation profile between them. Methods: A latent profile analysis was conducted with 77 children with ABI aged between 6 and 12. Injury factors, child IQ, environmental stressors and the dysregulation profile were compared between these behavioral profiles. Logistic regressions were conducted to predict profile membership. Results: Two profiles were identified: Profile M, with mild deficits (1–2 SD above the mean) in working memory and social skills, and profile C, presenting clinically significant deficits (2–3 SD above the mean) in shift, initiate, working memory, planning and social skills and mild deficits in inhibit, emotional control and task monitor. Proximal environmental stressors (dysfunctional parenting practices, parental stress, parent’s executive dysfunction, anxiety-trait, and depressive symptoms) and dysregulation symptoms predicted profile membership, whereas injury factors, child IQ and distal environmental stressors did not. Conclusion: Following ABI, children with profile C are at risk of mental health problems and present with more proximal stressors. The dysregulation profile may be useful as a proxy for risk for later mental health problems in children with ABI.     

Energy contributions in the martensitic transformation of shape-memory alloys

Abstract

The thermoelastic martensitic transformation in shape-memory alloys is studied thermodynamically. Calorimetric experiments on the Cu─Zn─A1 alloy system reveal that the transformation takes place with a practically negligible entropy production. The usual hysteretic subloop behaviour during partial cycling is obtained for the first time by calorimetry. An analysis of the measurements gives the quantitative behaviour of elastic and dissipative energies with the volume fraction of martensite.     

Interfacial waves between two piezoelectric half-spaces with electro-mechanical imperfect interface

We study the propagation of shear horizontal waves between the interface of two piezoelectric materials with an electro-mechanical imperfect contact. Mechanical and electrical imperfections are modeled by means of a spring and a capacitor, respectively. The corresponding mathematical expressions for the imperfect contact are given in this article. The system of differential equations for the waves in the considered half-space is derived and the associate solutions are found. A general expression for the dispersion relation, not reported previously in the literature, is given in an explicit form, with the diverse limit cases analyzed in detail. In some of these limit cases, new expressions are also obtained, which predict the existence of interfacial waves. In the other cases, where already reported results exist, a comparison with them is done. Some physical interpretations are derived from the limit cases. The influence of mechanical and electrical imperfect contacts are shown in some numerical examples.     

La comunicación y la manipulación de objetos en crías de gorilla

Resumen

En este artículo se presentan datos sobre las capacidades manipulativas y comunicativas del gorila en edad infantil. En un estudio anterior (Perinat y Dalmáu, 1988), se negaba la existencia en esta especie de manipulaciones de objetos intrínsecamente motivadas y de la capacidad de comunicarse sobre objetos. Nuestros datos demuestran, en primer lugar, que el gorila sí es capaz de manipular objetos con motivación intrínseca, tanto en acciones sencillas como en acciones constructivas complejas en las que se combinan varios objetos. En segundo lugar, se demuestra que el gorila es capaz de comunicarse gestualmente con adultos humanos a propósito de los objetos y las manipulaciones que pueden efectuarse sobre ellos. Finalmente, se discute cuál debe ser el enfoque de la investigación comparada del desarrollo cognitivo en primates humanos y no humanos.     

El proceso de envejecimiento: aspectos psicológicos

RESUMEN

En este articulo se revisan los estudios psicológicos sobre el proceso de envejecimiento y se sugiere una forma nueva y más apropiada de acceder y entender al anciano. Para ello comienza constatando que hoy día asistimos a un progresivo envejecimiento de la población en el mudo occidental, reseñando algunos datos demográficos y socio-culturales que sitúan su exposición y reflexión en el marco histórico actual. En su revisión se tartan, entre otras cuestiones, el interes por la tercera edad e imagen negativa de la misma o las relaciones entre la sociedad de consumo y ancianidad, centrando sus críticas en el modelo del deterioro, que justifica con los resultados de diversos estudios experimentales acerca del rendimiento intelectual, condiciones de motivación, capacidad de aprendizaje o modificación de las actitudes psicomotoras, entre otros. A continuación expone tres problemas fundamentales característicos del proceso de envejecimiento (climaterio, jubilación y crisis de identidad) que constribuyen a esclarecer toda la problemática y le permite presentar algunas sugerencias y conclusiones. Entre ellas, destacamos la no valided de la curva generalizada del deterioro y la irrelevancia relativa de la edad cronológica como causa del proceso de envejecimiento, quedando patente el gran número de factores que influyen en él. El autor finaliza resaltando la importancia de una psicología diferencial del proceso de envejecimiento que, tomando en consideración los factores sociales y con una colaboración interdisciplinar, consiga que la población que envejece vivencie la vejez como positiva.     

Lenguaje y conducta cognitiva: el papel del lenguaje en la solución de problemas

RESUMEN

El autor comienza definiendo el propósito de su trabajo: ofrecer alguna luz sobre el viejo problema de las relaciones entre pensamiento (o conducta cognitiva) y lenguaje, considerando tanto los datos más relevantes y clásicos como otros provenientes del campo de la solución de problemas y el razonamiento. Para ello aborda, además de las concepciones extremas de Watson y Chomsky, otras hipótesis más recientes también contrapuestas: el relativismo lingüístico y la hipótesis cognitiva fuerte, sostenida, entre otros, por Piaget. Tras describir las teorías de Vygotsky y Luria sobre lenguaje y comportamiento cognitivo, el autor analiza algunas investigaciones que muestran el importante papel del lenguaje egocéntrico en la resolución de problemas. Este trabajo concluye resaltando la hipótesis cognitiva débil y las funciones sociopragmáticas del lenguaje, así como su importancia como herramienta de pensamiento.