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211.
212.
Evidence-based home-visiting programs aim to address one of the most important challenges facing our species—setting the next generation on a healthy path of development that prepares them for a future that is simultaneously uncertain and promising. Diverse research literatures have pointed to practices to effectively meet this challenge and better achieve the unfulfilled promise of home visiting by more effectively engaging parents in supporting their children's early development and well-being. Measures of home-visit quality practices drawn from social work, pediatric nursing, early childhood, and early intervention research literatures have identified building relationships with families and focusing on their strengths as effective, practices that are particularly important for vulnerable families. The articles in this special section used the Home Visit Rating Scales to examine stability in home-visit quality over time, study specific home-visiting processes linked with quality, validate a supervisor checklist of home-visiting implementation, and consider the home visit in relation to an array of indicators reflecting overall home-visiting program strength and stability. These articles exemplify progress in home-visiting research over recent decades, including advances in direct observational methods and measurement as well as examinations of home visiting as an observable process across various home-visiting program models and populations. 相似文献
213.
Carla Bagnoli 《Ratio》2019,32(4):325-338
According to many, evolutionary accounts of ethics undermine the prospects of its objective foundation. By contrast, this paper argues that such evolutionary accounts discredit only the absolutist construal of moral truths as timeless but supports other conceptions of objectivity as tested by time. Insofar as Kantian constructivism addresses the problem of ethical objectivity from the standpoint of temporal rational agents, it is not vulnerable to debunking arguments based on evolutionary explanations. In fact, recent work on evolutionary accounts of reasoning and inferences not only coheres with but it also reinforces the constructivist conception of practical reason as a problem‐solving cooperative device apt to temporal and interdependent rational agents. 相似文献
214.
Residents of 2 geographical regions—one with a high seismic hazard and the other with a moderate seismic hazard—rated 16 hazard adjustments on 7 attributes and reported their adoption intention and actual adoption of those adjustments. There were only small and generally nonsignificant differences between the 2 locations in adjustments’ attribute ratings, adoption intention, and actual adjustment, but there were significant differences among adjustments on all of these measures. Perceptions of hazard‐related adjustment attributes were correlated significantly with adoption intention and actual adjustment, but perceptions of resource‐related attributes were not. 相似文献
215.
Dawn?G.?BlaskoEmail author Victoria?A.?Kazmerski Carla?N.?Torgerson 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(2):250-255
Courseware for Observational Research (COR Version 2) is an interactive multimedia program designed to teach the foundation of the scientific method: systematic observation. COR uses digital video with interactive coding to teach basic concepts, such as creating precise operational definitions; using frequency, interval, and duration coding; developing sampling strategies; and analyzing and interpreting data. Through lessons, a case study, and laboratory exercises, it gradually scaffolds students from teacher-directed learning into self-directed learning. The newest addition to COR is a case study in which students work collaboratively, using their own observations to make recommendations about a child’s disruptive behavior in an after-school program. Evaluations of the lessons showed that classes using COR received better grades on their field observations than did those using methods that are more traditional. Students’ confidence and knowledge increased as they moved through each section of the program. 相似文献
216.
This paper reports a study that was aimed to rehabilitate executive functions in closed head injury (CHI) and anterior communicating
artery (ACoA) aneurysm patients. The groups tested comprised 10 CHI patients, 9 ACoA aneurysm patients and 19 controls. We
employed a dual-task paradigm that is known to tap the ability to co-ordinate two actions. The treatment consisted of five
experimental sessions, in which the dual-task paradigm was used. In the CHI study, the dual-task cost was measured before
the treatment (assessment), immediately after the treatment (retest), and 3 months after the treatment (follow-up). In the
ACoA aneurysm study, the dual-task cost was also assessed 12 months after the treatment. A significant reduction of the dual-task
cost from assessment to retest was found. This reduction remained stable in the follow-up sessions. The results are discussed
with reference to the absence of spontaneous recovery of this specific executive function and to the possibility that the
beneficial effect of the treatment generalises to other executive functions and/or daily living activities.
Received: 31 March 1999 / Accepted: 23 July 1999 相似文献
217.
Many monkeys show social facilitation in sampling novel, palatable foods but not in avoiding unpalatable foods. Cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) socially learned to avoid a preferred food when it was made unpalatable but showed no aversion toward a food not made unpalatable. Only 33% sampled unpalatable tuna, and few sampled it again. In 3 of 8 groups, the socially induced aversion was long lasting, at least 15 weeks after food was made palatable again. Potential cues include facial reactions of disgust, alarm-call vocalizations, and reduction in food-associated calls. Behavioral coordination in cooperative infant care, communication about food, and well-established social relationships may explain social avoidance of unpalatable foods in tamarins and the absence of social avoidance in less cooperative species. 相似文献
218.
J. R. Vokey and J. D. Read (1985) indicated that listeners cannot consciously recognize backward messages but that some information can be obtained from reversed speech. If reverse speech has a powerful influence on language processing, as D. J. Oates (1991) has claimed, then one should be able to measure a reliable priming effect from reversed messages. Sixty undergraduate students listened to short messages presented either backward or forward. Immediately after listening to each message, they responded in a lexical decision task to a visually presented word that had either been present or had not been present in the preceding message. No priming effect was found for backward messages, although there was significant priming for forward messages. The results are not consistent with an effect of reverse speech on word processing. 相似文献
219.
Danielson CK Youngstrom EA Findling RL Calabrese JR 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2003,31(1):29-39
The present study investigated the ability of the General Behavior Inventory (GBI) to discriminate between diagnostic groups using youth self-report. One hundred and ninety-seven youths ages 10–17 years presenting at a midwestern urban outpatient clinic specializing in mood disorders completed the GBI as part of the intake process. Diagnoses were determined by a structured clinical interview (K-SADS) administered by either a child and adolescent psychiatrist or a research assistant trained to a high level of interrater reliability ( > .85). Games–Howell post hoc tests showed that the diagnostic groups significantly differed on the GBI's 2 subscales, Depression and Hypomanic–Biphasic. Logistic regression demonstrated that the scales discriminated between bipolar and disruptive behavior disorders, unipolar and bipolar depression, and mood and disruptive behavior disorders or no diagnosis. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves further indicated the good diagnostic efficiency of the scales. Results indicate that the GBI's subscales might aid in making traditionally difficult differential diagnoses, such as between bipolar disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and between unipolar and bipolar depression. 相似文献
220.