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71.
The present work aims to investigate the relation between appraisals, emotions, and emotion regulation strategies by creating
a structural equation model which integrates these three aspects of the emotion process. To reach this aim, Italian students
(N = 610) confronted with their high school diploma examination completed a questionnaire 3 weeks before the beginning of the
exam. Results showed that they experienced primarily three types of emotions—anxiety/fear, frustration/powerlessness, positive
emotions—which were related to specific appraisal profiles. Importantly, these appraisal profiles and emotions were associated
with the use of different strategies for regulating emotions: anxiety/fear was associated with focusing on the exam, drug
use, and an inability to distance oneself from the exam; frustration/powerlessness, with use of suppression, distancing, and
drugs; positive emotion, with reappraisal and problem focused strategies. The effectiveness of these different strategies
will be discussed. 相似文献
72.
Adaptive behavior in autism is highly variable and strongly related to prognosis. This study explored family history as a potential source of variability in adaptive behavior in autism. Participants included 77 individuals (mean age = 18) with average or better intellectual ability and autism. Parents completed the Family History Interview about the presence of broader autism phenotype symptoms and major psychiatric disorders in first degree relatives. Adaptive behavior was assessed via the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS). Based on family history variables, age, and intelligence quotient (IQ), 87% of participants were correctly classified as having impaired or average VABS scores. Family history of depression and shyness accounted for the most variance in VABS scores, and they had the greatest influence on VABS Socialization scores in particular. Possible underlying mechanisms include genetics, psychosocial factors, and social resources. This study provides initial evidence of the importance of family history to adaptive behavior in autism and has implications for genetics and treatment. 相似文献
73.
中国苏州与美国15岁学生数学学习特征比较 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本研究首次采用"学生能力国际评估计划"(PISA)的学生问卷,对苏州市504名15岁学生的数学学习心理及特征进行了调查研究,并与美国学生数据作比较.调查表明:中国苏州大多数学生在数学学习上具有较强的竞争意识与合作意识,他们会运用多种学习策略;那些对数学有更大兴趣和更高动机的学生,有更积极的自我概念和更少的焦虑体验.中美两国学生的数学学习特征性别差异显著. 相似文献
74.
de Tommaso M Pecoraro C Sardaro M Serpino C Lancioni G Livrea P 《Consciousness and cognition》2008,17(3):933-945
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of visual aesthetic perception on event-related potentials (ERPs). Eight subjects assigned an aesthetic judgment (beautiful, neutral, or ugly) and a 10-step beauty estimation to the target stimuli, consisting of famous artistic pictures and geometric shapes. In a further task, the subjects performed a motor response to the previously judged pictures and geometric shapes. ERPs were recorded through 54 scalp electrodes during both tasks. The P3b amplitude was increased during the categorization of the geometric shapes compared to the artistic figures and during the vision of the beautiful targets preceding the motor response. The categorization of the aesthetic qualities of geometrical shapes seems to induce a higher level of attention, while a higher arousal variation was elicited by the recognition of beauty, in any form that was presented. 相似文献
75.
Padovani FH Linhares MB Pinto ID Duarte G Martinez FE 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2008,11(2):581-592
The objective of the present study was: (a) to identify the concerns, verbally expressed, of 50 mothers regarding their preterm infants (PT) and then compare their verbal expression with those of 25 mothers of full-term infants (FT); and (b) to correlate the mothers' verbal expressions with maternal and infant variables. The following instruments were used to compose and characterize the sample: Structure Clinical Interview for DSM III-R Non-Patient (SCID/NP), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and medical charts. Results showed that there was no difference between groups in term of mothers' expectations and conceptualizations; both groups exhibited predominantly positive expectations and concepts. In comparison with FT mothers, PT mothers verbally expressed more feelings and reactions predominantly negative or conflicting in relation to infant birth. Higher levels of maternal anxiety and depression in the PT Group were correlated with more verbal expressions about negative or conflicting emotions. In addition, lower birth weight, higher neonatal risk and longer length of stay in intensive care nursery of the infants were related with more negative or conflicting concepts by the mothers. 相似文献
76.
This study investigated the effects of a dependent group-oriented contingency on the supportive and non-supportive fair play behaviors of 6th grade students engaged in volleyball games as part of their physical education instruction. Six students, one male and one female per class, from three classes, identified as demonstrating low incidences of supportive behaviors during volleyball games, were participants in this study. A multiple baseline across classes design was used to examine the data. During baseline few incidences of non-supportive behaviors occurred among all six students. However, the participants seldom displayed supportive behaviors during games (i.e., encouraged each other). Following the introduction of the dependent group contingency, supportive behaviors for all participants increased. Follow-up data, collected in an alternative setting, indicated variable maintenance. The results are discussed in the context of group contingencies and social behaviors in sports. 相似文献
77.
Arnold JE Kam CL Tanenhaus MK 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2007,33(5):914-930
Eye-tracking and gating experiments examined reference comprehension with fluent (Click on the red. . .) and disfluent (Click on [pause] thee uh red . . .) instructions while listeners viewed displays with 2 familiar (e.g., ice cream cones) and 2 unfamiliar objects (e.g., squiggly shapes). Disfluent instructions made unfamiliar objects more expected, which influenced listeners' on-line hypotheses from the onset of the color word. The unfamiliarity bias was sharply reduced by instructions that the speaker had object agnosia, and thus difficulty naming familiar objects (Experiment 2), but was not affected by intermittent sources of speaker distraction (beeps and construction noises; Experiments 3). The authors conclude that listeners can make situation-specific inferences about likely sources of disfluency, but there are some limitations to these attributions. 相似文献
78.
This article is a revised version of an invited plenary address given at the 39th Annual Conference of the American Association of Suicidology. The authors, a psychiatrist and a writer survivor, outline and summarize the different ways in which professionals and survivors come to an understanding of suicide. They explain how each group often exists independently and separate from the other--by cognitive and emotional dissonance, by private language, by psychological defenses and miscommunication--and call for dialog. They argue that both perspectives are essential to advance the science of suicidology and to give hope and meaning to those bereaved by suicide. 相似文献
79.
Jung Eun Kang Michael K. Lindell Carla S. Prater 《Journal of applied social psychology》2007,37(4):887-903
This study compared respondents' hurricane evacuation expectations with their actual behavior 2 years later during Hurricane Lili. Respondents were found to have accurate expectations about their information sources, evacuation transportation modes, number of vehicles taken, and evacuation shelter types. They also had generally accurate expectations about the time it would take them to implement some, but not all, evacuation preparation tasks. These results extend contemporary attitude–behavior models by demonstrating a significant degree of correspondence between behavioral expectations and much later behavior under quite stressful conditions and suggest emergency planners can use many, but not all, aspects of coastal residents' evacuation expectations as a satisfactory basis for evacuation planning. 相似文献
80.
Lagos CM 《The Spanish journal of psychology》2007,10(1):189-198
This paper presents a comparison of two psychoanalytic models of how human beings learn to use their mental capacities to know meaningfully about the world. The first, Fonagy's model of mentalization, is concerned with the development of a self capable of reflecting upon its own and others' mental states, based on feelings, thoughts, intentions, and desires. The other, Bion's model of thinking, is about the way thoughts are dealt with by babies, facilitating the construction of a thinking apparatus within a framework of primitive ways of communication between mother and baby. The theories are compared along three axes: (a) an axis of the theoretical and philosophical backgrounds of the models; (b) an axis of the kind of evidence that supports them; and (c) the third axis of the technical implications of the ideas of each model. It is concluded that, although the models belong to different theoretical and epistemological traditions and are supported by different sorts of evidence, they may be located along the same developmental line using an intersubjective framework that maintains tension between the intersubjective and the intrapsychic domains of the mind. 相似文献