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61.
Van Iddekinge CH Putka DJ Raymark PH Eidson CE 《The Journal of applied psychology》2005,90(2):323-334
The authors modeled sources of error variance in job specification ratings collected from 3 levels of raters across 5 organizations (N=381). Variance components models were used to estimate the variance in ratings attributable to true score (variance between knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics [KSAOs]) and error (KSAO-by-rater and residual variance). Subsequent models partitioned error variance into components related to the organization, position level, and demographic characteristics of the raters. Analyses revealed that the differential ordering of KSAOs by raters was not a function of these characteristics but rather was due to unexplained rating differences among the raters. The implications of these results for job specification and validity transportability are discussed. 相似文献
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Janet Sigal Margaret S. Gibbs Carl Goodrich Tayyab Rashid Afroze Anjum Daniel Hsu Carrol S. Perrino Hale Bolak Boratav Aggie Carson-Arenas Berna van Baarsen Joop van der Pligt Wei-Kang Pan 《Sex roles》2005,52(3-4):201-215
Male and female university students from the United States, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, Ecuador, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Turkey read a standardized scenario in which a male professor was accused of sexually harassing a female graduate student. Respondents from individualist countries judged the professor to be guilty of sexual harassment more often than did those from collectivist countries. Women rendered significantly more guilty judgments and assigned more severe punishments to the accused professor than did men. Implications for the individualist–collectivist classification system and cross-cultural research are discussed. 相似文献
64.
A common observation in studies of perceived (imagined) compared to actual movement in a reaching paradigm is the tendency to overestimate. Of the studies noted, reaching tasks have been presented in the general midline range. In the present study, strong right-handers were asked to judge the reachability of visual targets projected onto a table surface at midline, right- (RVF), and left-visual fields (LVF). Midline results support those of previous studies, showing an overestimation bias. In contrast, participants revealed the tendency to underestimate their reachability in RVF and LVF. These findings are discussed from the perspective of actor 'confidence' (a cognitive state) possibly associated with visual information, perceived ability, and perceived task demands. 相似文献
65.
Synchronizing the display of a stimulus with physiological recording or subjects’ behavioral responses is crucial for acquiring
valid measures of performance. This article describes a technique for integrating the presentation of stimuli, behavior reports,
and physiological data employing Macromedia Director and a standard biometric program using an example from the field of developmental
psychopathology. Our experience has been that the use of this technique is effective in creating complex protocols for research.
Although the temporal accuracy available from this particular method is adequate for some experiments, it is not suited for
investigations requiring single millisecond accuracy. Considerations and suggestions for utilizing this and similar techniques
for integrating data collection and stimuli presentation are discussed. 相似文献
66.
In this comment, J. S. Ablon and C. Marci argue that focusing on the empirical validation of manualized treatment packages misses important information about what is efficacious about a given treatment. Psychotherapy process has demonstrated that treatments may promote change in ways other than their underlying theories claim. Manualized therapies may appear distinct despite important similarities in dyadic interaction. These functional similarities in the emergent transactional process between therapist and patient may help explain the difficulty demonstrating differential outcomes across brands of brief therapy. Rather than focus on treatment packages targeting patient symptomatology, the authors recommend a shift in focus to the empirical validation of change processes coconstructed by therapist and patient in naturalistic settings. 相似文献
67.
Taking a social psychological approach to metacognitive judgments, this study analyzed the difference in realism (validity) in confidence and frequency judgments (i.e., estimates of overall accuracy) between one's own and another person's answers to general knowledge questions. Experiment 1 showed that when judging their own answers, compared with another's answers, the participants exhibited higher overconfidence, better ability to discriminate correct from incorrect answers, lower accuracy, and lower confidence. However, the overconfidence effect could be attributable to the lowest level of confidence. Furthermore, when heeding additional information about another's answers the participants showed higher confidence and better discrimination ability. The overconfidence effect of Experiment 1 was not found in Experiment 2. However, the results of Experiment 2 were consistent with Experiment 1 in terms of discrimination ability, confidence, and accuracy. Finally, in both experiments the participants gave lower frequency judgments of their own overall accuracy compared with their frequency judgments of another person's overall accuracy. 相似文献
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Imagined and actual motor performance were compared to determine what factor(s) drive limb selection for programming movements in contralateral hemispace. Forty right-handed blindfolded subjects were asked to 'reach' via auditory stimulus for a small object placed at multiple locations in hemispace. Two conditions were included: arms uncrossed and arms crossed. With the uncrossed condition, responses were similar. With arms crossed, subjects had the choice of keeping the limbs crossed, reacting to proximity, or uncrossing the arms to reach ipsilaterally. In this condition subjects 'imagined' that they would maintain the crossedposition and reach with the hand closest to the stimulus in both right and left hemispace. However, during 'actual' reaching, responses differed. For left-field stimuli, participants kept the arms crossed, but in response to right-field stimuli, subjects preferred to uncross the limbs in order to reach with the dominant hand. These findings suggest that while motor dominance is the primary factor in limb choice for action in ipsilateral hemispace, it appears that object proximity drives limb selection for reaching in contralateral hemispace. 相似文献