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51.
A common observation in studies of perceived (imagined) compared to actual movement in a reaching paradigm is the tendency to overestimate. Of the studies noted, reaching tasks have been presented in the general midline range. In the present study, strong right-handers were asked to judge the reachability of visual targets projected onto a table surface at midline, right- (RVF), and left-visual fields (LVF). Midline results support those of previous studies, showing an overestimation bias. In contrast, participants revealed the tendency to underestimate their reachability in RVF and LVF. These findings are discussed from the perspective of actor 'confidence' (a cognitive state) possibly associated with visual information, perceived ability, and perceived task demands. 相似文献
52.
Synchronizing the display of a stimulus with physiological recording or subjects’ behavioral responses is crucial for acquiring
valid measures of performance. This article describes a technique for integrating the presentation of stimuli, behavior reports,
and physiological data employing Macromedia Director and a standard biometric program using an example from the field of developmental
psychopathology. Our experience has been that the use of this technique is effective in creating complex protocols for research.
Although the temporal accuracy available from this particular method is adequate for some experiments, it is not suited for
investigations requiring single millisecond accuracy. Considerations and suggestions for utilizing this and similar techniques
for integrating data collection and stimuli presentation are discussed. 相似文献
53.
In this comment, J. S. Ablon and C. Marci argue that focusing on the empirical validation of manualized treatment packages misses important information about what is efficacious about a given treatment. Psychotherapy process has demonstrated that treatments may promote change in ways other than their underlying theories claim. Manualized therapies may appear distinct despite important similarities in dyadic interaction. These functional similarities in the emergent transactional process between therapist and patient may help explain the difficulty demonstrating differential outcomes across brands of brief therapy. Rather than focus on treatment packages targeting patient symptomatology, the authors recommend a shift in focus to the empirical validation of change processes coconstructed by therapist and patient in naturalistic settings. 相似文献
54.
Taking a social psychological approach to metacognitive judgments, this study analyzed the difference in realism (validity) in confidence and frequency judgments (i.e., estimates of overall accuracy) between one's own and another person's answers to general knowledge questions. Experiment 1 showed that when judging their own answers, compared with another's answers, the participants exhibited higher overconfidence, better ability to discriminate correct from incorrect answers, lower accuracy, and lower confidence. However, the overconfidence effect could be attributable to the lowest level of confidence. Furthermore, when heeding additional information about another's answers the participants showed higher confidence and better discrimination ability. The overconfidence effect of Experiment 1 was not found in Experiment 2. However, the results of Experiment 2 were consistent with Experiment 1 in terms of discrimination ability, confidence, and accuracy. Finally, in both experiments the participants gave lower frequency judgments of their own overall accuracy compared with their frequency judgments of another person's overall accuracy. 相似文献
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Cranor CF 《Science and engineering ethics》2001,7(3):313-326
Environmentalists have advocated the Precautionary Principle (PP) to help guide public and private decisions about the environment.
By contrast, industry and its spokesmen have opposed this. There is not one principle, but many that have been recommended
for this purpose. Despite the attractiveness of a core idea in all versions of the principle—that decision-makers should take
some precautionary steps to ensure that threats of serious and irreversible damage to the environment and public health do
not materialize into harm—even one of the most widely endorsed principles needs considerable specification and refinement
before it can be used. Moreover, the PP is an approach or guide to utilizing scientific evidence in social or legal decision-making
contexts. In this it does not differ in kind from other approaches to using factual information such as in the law. The law
provides some models for different strategies to guide decision-making under uncertainty when factual issues cannot be resolved
with certainty. These in turn can help guide the formulation of different versions of PP and help clarify some presuppositions
of the principle. Once some plausible versions of PP are articulated, I suggest some applications to existing environmental
problems. 相似文献
58.
Carl S. Helrich 《Zygon》1999,34(3):501-514
Thermodynamics is the foundation of many of the topics of interest in the religion-science dialogue. Here a nonmathematical outline of the principles of thermodynamics is presented, providing a historical and conceptually understandable development that can serve teachers from disciplines other than physics. The contributions of Gibbs to both classical and rational thermodynamics, emphasizing the importance of the ensemble in statistical mechanics, are discussed. The seminal ideas of Boltzmann on statistical mechanics are contrasted to those of Gibbs in a discussion of the microscopic interpretation of the second law. The role of information theory is discussed, and the modern ideas of Prigogine and nonequilibrium are outlined in some detail with further reference to the second law. Implications for our interaction with God are considered. 相似文献
59.
Dawn L. Wilson Paul J. Frick Carl B. Clements 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1999,21(3):221-235
The structure of psychopathic traits and their association with somatization symptoms were investigated in a sample of 199 undergraduate college students enrolled in introductory psychology classes. Using multiple measures of psychopathic traits, an iterated principal axis (IPA) analysis revealed two dimensions of psychopathy that were similar to ones typically found in forensic samples. One dimension focused on a cold, callous, and unemotional interpersonal style and the second dimension focused on an impulsive and antisocial lifestyle. These two dimensions emerged for both men and women, although the correlation between the two was somewhat higher for men than women. Also, the callous and unemotional dimension was negatively correlated with somatization symptoms, and the impulsive and antisocial dimension was positively associated with somatization symptoms. This pattern of associations was similar for both men and women and it suggests that somatization symptoms may be one aspect of the high rate of negative affectivity experienced by antisocial individuals. 相似文献
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