由明成祖拒纳“祥瑞”所引起的几点思考

所谓“祥瑞”,就是吉祥的征兆。在古代社会里“祥瑞”往往和一些罕见的自然现象(如天降甘露,野蚕结茧等)联系在一起。在上古时期,这主要是因为科学不发达,先民们对于自然界的认知有限。到了西汉时期,董仲舒为了适应“大一统”的政治需要,对传统的儒家学说进行了进一步的发展,提出了“天人感应”学说,把这种自然现象赋予了神秘主义色彩。他认为皇帝的权力是上天所授,如果皇帝英明,治理国家有方,那么上天就会降下“祥瑞”以示嘉奖;反之,则会降下灾异以示警告。到了东汉,谶纬之学兴盛,这就为“祥瑞”的大量出现提供了理论上的依据。历史上有好…     

数困儿童在内源和外源注意条件下数字比较的眼动研究

运用内源和外源注意导向实验范式对三、六年级44名数学学习困难儿童和正常儿童的数字比较进行了眼动研究。结果表明:眼动指标的年级差异和组间差异显著,表现为低年级和数困组的注视时间更长、注视点数更多、瞳孔直径更大;正常组受内源性和外源性注意导向影响明显;各组被试均表现出显著的十位数距离效应和个位数距离效应;SNARC效应明显。实验结果支持数字比较的整体加工模型。     

牟宗三"实践的智慧学"探求诠论

对哲学作为“实践的智慧学”的探求是牟宗三后期哲学思考的核心。这一探索,开启了牟宗三中国哲学与康德哲学双向诠释的基本视域,也拓出了道德形而上学体系建构的理论地平。“实践的智慧学”诠释具有独特的理论内涵,也隐含了牟氏道德形上学自我批判与超越的思想线索。     

重估测谎决策的Bayes推断试验

谎与非谎的情绪反应没有独立的客观标准,以Polygrapy构成技术的测谎缺乏稳定的效度。本研究尝试运用Bayes方法分析一项实测案例,计算两名被试的低显性测谎反应结果,使准确判决有谎的概率由机会水平50％分别调整到可明确分辩的74％和49％,从决策分析角度为改良测谎程序和提高测谎效率提供了一种新的操作思路。     

顿悟认知机制的研究述评与理论构想

顿悟是创造性思维的主要形式,它一直以来都是心理学家感兴趣的研究课题。该文对有关顿悟认知机制的现象学描述作了介绍,比较了表征转变与进程监控两种认知观点,探讨了初级加工与顿悟认知机制间的关系。初步提出了顿悟问题解决中原型激活及其启发信息质量的理论假说,对未来研究做出了设想,以期能最终揭示出顿悟的内部发生机制。     

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and executive dysfunction among children and adolescents: A Latent Profile Analysis

Background/ObjectiveThe current study aimed to examine the relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms and executive dysfunction in children and adolescents after psychological trauma.MethodParticipants were 13,438 of children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years exposed to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. PTSD and dysexecutive symptoms were assessed using the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index for Children and the Self-Report Dysexecutive Questionnaire. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted using Mplus version 7.4. Subgroup differences in trauma exposure and quality of life were calculated using ANCOVA.ResultsA 4-class parallel model was found to best describe latent PTSD symptom profiles and executive dysfunction. Individuals in higher symptom groups showed more trauma exposure and lower quality of life.ConclusionsThis LPA study shed light on the relationship between PTSD and executive dysfunction symptoms in children and adolescents. The correlation between PTSD and executive dysfunction was maintained after individual differences were taken into consideration. Our findings provide a new view on how PTSD relates to executive dysfunction and several suggestions for treating child and adolescent PTSD patients.     

习得无助理论模型的演变与争议

习得无助理论是由美国心理学家马丁．塞里格曼于上世纪60年代提出、而后在美国以至全世界引起广泛研究热潮的一种心理学理论,围绕着习得无助产生的机制及实验操作中的关键变量,形成了许多有价值的理论模型。该研究介绍了这些理论模型的起源、发展与演变．以及无助现象对人们的认知、情绪和动机造成的损害,为我们在临床上诊断和治疗抑郁提供了一个新的视角,同时为预测和矫治学生的习得无肋感提供了方法上的借鉴。     

转型期我国农村邪教问题探究

改革开放以后,一些貌似宗教却并非宗教的非法邪教组织,伴随着宗教世俗化的浪潮在我国部分农村地区纷纷粉墨登场。这些邪教多以农民容易接受的形式,宣扬世界末日论,美化神化教主,一定程度上的强制洗脑,最终达到对信徒的思想控制、骗取钱财、妖言惑众、秘密结社、危害社会的目的,对贫瘠的农村构成了相当的负面影响。邪教已成为农村中一股不可忽视的邪恶势力。一、农村邪教的危害1.农村邪教的非法活动严重威胁我国农村基层政权的稳定,这是农村邪教组织的最大危害。2.农村邪教的非法活动对农村的物质文明、精神文明建设构成了巨大的危害。农村邪…     

关于阅读中的外显与内隐问题研究--兼谈高师英语阅读教学改革

目的：从新课程视角,探讨英语阅读中的外显与内隐问题,为阅读教学改革提供理论依据。方法：根据外显学习和内隐学习理论,对分析性阅读和概括性阅读进行分析比较,考察被试在分析性(外显的)和概括性(内隐的)阅读的时候,是如何“投射”出自己获取信息技能的过程的。结果：(1)阅读中存在着内隐现象且具有与外显性阅读相近的阅读成绩和效率;(2)各组被试阅读过程中未见有显著的性别差异;(3)外显阅读组和内隐阅读组均存在着特别显著的年级差异。结论：对于知识的吸收掌握和应用以及阅读能力的培养,外显阅读与内隐阅读各具有特色,互为补充,阅读教学中应充分认识到外显与内隐在阅读理解中的不同效果与作用。     

Revised Space Fortress: A validation study

We describe briefly the redevelopment of Space Fortress (SF), a research tool widely used to study training of complex tasks involving both cognitive and motor skills, to be executed on currentgeneration systems with significantly extended capabilities, and then compare the performance of human participants on an original PC version of Space Fortress (SF) with the revised Space Fortress (RSF). Participants trained on SF or RSF for 10 sets of eight 3-min practice trials and two 3-min test trials. They then took tests involving retention, resistance to secondary task interference, and transfer to a different control system. They then switched from SF to RSF or from RSF to SF for 2 sets of final tests and completed rating scales comparing RSF and SF. Slight differences were predicted on the basis of a scoring error in the original version of SF used and on slightly more precise joystick control in RSF. The predictions were supported. The SF group started better but did worse when they transferred to RSF. Despite the disadvantage of having to be cautious in generalizing from RSF to SF, we conclude that RSF has many advantages, which include accommodating new PC hardware and new training techniques. A monograph that presents the methodology used in creating RSF, details on its performance and validation, and directions on how to download free copies of the system may be downloaded from www .psychonomic.org/archive/.