Correction to: Gray Matter Atrophy in the Cortico‑Striatal‑Thalamic Network and Sensorimotor Network in Relapsing–Remitting and Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

Neuropsychology Review - A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-021-09503-6     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Chinese calligraphy practice and aggressive behaviors among children: The role of trait aggression and aggressive motivation

The current research tested whether calligraphy practice could decrease aggressive behaviors (measured by the Competitive Reaction Time Task) in a sample of 120 aggressive children (M_age = 8.58, SD = 1.50). Half of the children were randomly assigned to practice copying pleasant calligraphy (experimental condition), while the other half copied neutral calligraphy (control condition). Results showed that copying pleasant calligraphy decreased aggression in comparison to copying neutral calligraphy. Specifically, the effect was more salient among boys than for girls. Moderation analysis suggested that the effect of pleasant calligraphy practice on aggressive behaviors was not moderated by trait aggression. This effect, however, was fully mediated by aggressive motivation. These findings indicated that copying pleasant calligraphy may be an effective measure to reduce as well as to prevent aggressive behaviors among children nominated by teachers as aggressive. Specifically, boys may be regarded as the key target group to decrease aggressive behaviors by using pleasant calligraphy. Limitations and implications of the study were discussed.

     

One country,two cultures: Implicit space–time mappings in Southern and Northern Vietnamese

What determines how people implicitly associate the “past” and “future” with “front” and “back”? According to the Temporal Focus Hypothesis (TFH), people's cultural attitudes toward time influence their implicit space–time mappings. However, previous research mainly used cross‐cultural comparison in which the cultures compared differ not only in attentional focus on temporal events, but may also differ in other cultural values. Thus, the specific role of cultural attitudes toward time has not been tested. In the current study, we compared Southern and Northern Vietnamese who have many aspects in common but demonstrate cultural differences in attitudes toward the past and future. The results showed that the two groups of participants tended to think about time according to their temporal focus. Taken together, this pattern of results showed that within‐cultural differences in temporal focus can also predict variation in space–time mappings, which provides further supporting evidence for the TFH.     

Determinants influencing conservation behaviour: Perceptions of Vietnamese consumers

Environmental degradation is one of the most serious issues impacting our lives and those of future generations. In this respect, several studies on pro‐environmental behaviour have investigated the attitude–behaviour relationship of consumers. This study builds on previous models and examines the influence of four relevant determinants, i.e. consumers' perceptions associated with environmental concern, ecological effect, perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) and moral obligation on their pro‐environmental behaviour. The data were collected from consumers in Vietnam, where there are serious environmental issues. The findings suggest that all the four determinants influenced consumers' conservation behaviour, albeit each in varying strengths. The most influential determinant was PCE, followed by ecological effect, environmental concern and finally moral obligation. The findings of this study have important academic and practical implications. Government and private environmental and sustainability campaigners, especially in Vietnam, would be well advised to use these findings in developing and designing new policies and initiatives aimed at enhancing consumers' pro‐environmental behaviour. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validation of the Empathy Quotient in Mainland China

This research aimed to validate a simplified Chinese version of the Empathy Quotient (EQ; 60 items) for use with Mainland Chinese people. The original English version of the EQ was translated into simplified Chinese. Through an online survey, 588 Mainland Chinese participants completed the EQ and 3 other questionnaires: the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS–20). Thirty-five participants completed retesting of the EQ 3 to 4 weeks later. Sex differences on the EQ scores and psychometric properties of the EQ items were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that an EQ 15-item structural model fitted the data quite well. Self-report empathy, as assessed by the current simplified Chinese version of the EQ, appeared to relate to participants' autistic and alexithymic traits but not sex.     

西方民主理论视野下的两种政治道德观

政治道德是政治哲学的核心范畴,它回答了政治权力运用的合法性以及道德证明的问题,民主作为人类历史上迄今为止最为合理的政治统治形式和治理方式,必然也面临着道德合法性及道德证明的问题.按保护型民主与发展型民主的划分,西方民主理论本身蕴含着消极政治道德与积极政治道德两种政治道德观.     

顿悟:是进程监控还是表征转换

当前解释顿悟问题解决机制的理论主要有表征转换理论和进程监控理论。进程监控理论主要解释了顿悟问题为什么困难,但事实上它并没有说明顿悟问题为什么会解决,只回答了在什么情况下被试才会寻求其他的方法,而且它把顿悟问题解决的一般过程看成是同常规问题解决方法相同的过程。而表征转换理论主要解释了顿悟是如何获得的——顿悟的获得是由于问题解决者对问题的表征实现了正确的转变,但它并没有解释表征什么时候、怎么样才能转变?顿悟问题的解决经历了三个认知加工阶段,顿悟问题的解决需要在消除定势情况下激活正确的启发信息(线索),并验证了顿悟问题的原型激活和关键启发信息理论假说。     

图形的相似性与差异性判断的关系及机制的研究

本研究采用与标准刺激特征相似和关系相似的图形组成的图片,让80名大学生被试选择与标准刺激更相似的和差异更大的图形,分析相似性和差异性判断的关系以及两种判断过程的机制。结果发现：相似性判断和差异性判断不是镜像关系;差异性判断的时间长于相似性判断的时间;在特征与关系共存的时候,特征和关系在相似性判断和差异性判断中起着不同的作用,相似性判断更多地考虑关系,差异性判断更多地考虑特征。     

训练方法对不同创造力水平儿童创造力发展的影响

采用修订的威廉斯创造性思维量表筛选出创造力水平低和创造力水平高的两组儿童,随机分配到头脑风暴法训练组、强制联想法训练组和控制组,分别进行5周的创造力训练。结果显示,在创造力的开放性和精密性维度上,头脑风暴法对创造力水平低的儿童的创造力提高具有显著的效应;两种训练方法对高创造力水平儿童的创造力成绩提高不起作用。儿童的创造力训练应考虑个体原有的创造力水平之间的差异和方法的有效性。