The longitudinal relationship between angry rumination and reactive–proactive aggression and the moderation effect of consideration of future consequences-immediate

The idea that influential factors for two subtypes of aggression (reactive and proactive aggression) should be different is popular, but the common influential factors have not been examined. Such an examination could help understand the influential factors of aggression from the perspective of multiple motivations affecting the development of aggressive motivations over time. The present study argued that angry rumination would be a common influential factor for both reactive and proactive aggression. In addition, consideration of future consequences (CFC) may moderate the longitudinal effect of angry rumination on proactive aggression. Two studies were conducted to test these hypotheses. In Study 1, a cross-lagged analysis with a 6-month interval was employed. A total of 505 undergraduate students (46% males) completed the questionnaires twice. Results indicated that after a 6-month period, angry rumination predicted reactive aggression but not proactive aggression. Furthermore, reactive aggression predicted angry rumination over time. In Study 2, a moderation analysis was performed with another 437 participants (130 males). The results partly supported our hypotheses, indicating that CFC-immediate (CFC-I) moderated the longitudinal effect of angry rumination on proactive aggression. The present results extended prior research regarding the predictors of proactive and reactive aggression and may contribute to a greater understanding of the development of aggressive motivation. In addition, our research suggested that high CFC-I may be an important factor for the motivation change from reactive aggression to proactive aggression.     

科学与历史之间的现代与后现代图景

在当今的现代与后现代之争中 ,焦点已不再如后现代运动于本世纪六、七十年代首先在诸如建筑学、电影、舞蹈和音乐等领域崭露头角时那样 ,仅仅是美学趣味和艺术风格问题。这种争论关涉到道德思考和哲学思辨 ,但又不局限于此。如今 ,战场已转移到现代文化最后的 ,也是最具代表性的堡垒 ,即科学。自从在广岛和长崎投放原子弹起 ,科学的运用就成为一般公众和科学家自身道德审查的对象。而从 5 0年代后期以来 ,对于科学的批评 ,已从对其使用或滥用的批评 ,拓展到对于其基本原则的批评 ,这种批评在美国由Ｔ .库恩、Ｈ .普特南和Ｒ .罗蒂所代表 ,在…     

测验行业的法制化趋势

文章介绍了国外多种测验的重要行为规范和法则,特别是1999年由美国心理学会、美国教育研究协会和全国教育测量理事会联合修订并出版的《教育与心理测验之标准》。另外,文章通过对“律考数额录取”和“学位考试题库”这两个具体事例的分析,说明了中国测验行业不规范的现状及其可能的原因。文章还借鉴了国外测验组织管理机构的相关经验,进一步呼吁了制定行业规范的迫切性和建立测验管理机构的必要性。     

汉字识别中的笔画数效应新探——兼论字频效应

本研究采用命名作业测查二至十五画常用字和不常用字的反应时(RT),结果发现(1)命名RT是笔画数的函数,但在几个小笔画范围内,RT基本无变化;(2)命名作业中有字频效应。本文使用整字加工与字形结构加工的并行假说,对笔画数效应和字频效应的机制进行了初步探讨。     

规则多边图形的离散度、图基边数及显示条件的交互作用研究

用实验方法研究规则多边图形的离散度、图形基边数、显示条件及三因素的交互作用对图形信号认知绩效的影响。实验的自变量有：（１）图形的离散度参数;（２）图形的基边数;（３）图形的显示条件。因变量是各图形信号的平均反应时。实验的刺激材料是２５个不同离散度、不同基边数的规则多边图形。刺激材料的呈现与被试的反应记录都由计算机控制。结果表明：（１）离散度对图形信号认知绩效的影响十分显著,离散度适中及偏小的图形信号认知绩效较高;（２）图形基边数对认知绩效的影响十分显著,认知绩效反比于图形的基边数;（３）显示条件对认知绩效的影响不显著;（４）离散度与基边数的交互作用影响显著,离散度偏大的０．６,０．７图形与离散度偏小及适中的０．３,０．４,０．５图形的认知绩效在基边数大于８后出现明显的分离趋势。     

汉语词汇测验中的项目功能差异初探

该文运用两种不同的方法对实际的汉语词汇测验中的３６个词汇进行了ＤＩＦ探测。对于１４００多劬的初三学生分别作了男女生与城郊学生间的比较。在男女组分析中检出７个属于一致性ＤＩＦ的项目;对于城郊学生组经两种方法同时确定的ＤＩＦ项目有７个,其中５个是一致性ＤＩＦ,２个是非一致性ＤＩＦ的项目。该文还讨论了产生ＤＩＦ的可能因素。     

目标－背景色的配合对彩色CRT显示工效的影响

以通道容量为作业效标,用实验方法对ＣＲＴ显示屏上黑、深蓝、绿、浅蓝、红、紫、黄、白等８种颜色组成的５６种目标－背景色配合方式与显示工效的关系作了比较研究。结果表明：从工效学考虑,彩色ＣＲＴ显示屏的背景色有以深色为好的趋势,目标色有以浅色为好的趋势。目标与背景色彩的恰当配合能显著提高信息的传递绩效。白目标黑背景、黄目标黑背景、绿目标黑背景等对比度较大的目标－背景配合显示工效最佳。     

构建学校-家庭-社会一体化心理健康教育模式*

影响中小学生心理健康的因素包括学校、家庭和社会多个方面,但是本研究通过调查发现目前我国的中小学生心理健康教育呈现出单一化的倾向,心理健康教育的主要实施者是学校,家庭和社会在学生心理健康教育中的地位和作用没有得到充分的体现,这种状况势必会影响中小学心理健康教育的成效。本文系统阐释了建立学校-家庭-社会一体化心理健康教育模式的必要性、途径和方法,并根据实际提出了相应的对策建议。     

NASA TLX: Software for assessing subjective mental workload

The NASA Task Load Index (TLX) is a popular technique for measuring subjective mental workload. It relies on a multidimensional construct to derive an overall workload score based on a weighted average of ratings on six subscales: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration level. A program for implementing a computerized version of the NASA TLX is described. The software version assists in simplifying collection, postprocessing, and storage of raw data. The program collects raw data from the subject and calculates the weighted (or unweighted) workload score, which is output to a text file. The program can also be tailored to a specific experiment using a simple input text file, if desired. The program was designed in Visual Studio 2005 and is capable of running on a Pocket PC with Windows CE or on a PC with Windows 2000 or higher. The NASA TLX program is available for free download.