NASA TLX: Software for assessing subjective mental workload

The NASA Task Load Index (TLX) is a popular technique for measuring subjective mental workload. It relies on a multidimensional construct to derive an overall workload score based on a weighted average of ratings on six subscales: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration level. A program for implementing a computerized version of the NASA TLX is described. The software version assists in simplifying collection, postprocessing, and storage of raw data. The program collects raw data from the subject and calculates the weighted (or unweighted) workload score, which is output to a text file. The program can also be tailored to a specific experiment using a simple input text file, if desired. The program was designed in Visual Studio 2005 and is capable of running on a Pocket PC with Windows CE or on a PC with Windows 2000 or higher. The NASA TLX program is available for free download.     

A mechanism for elliptic-like bursting and synchronization of bursts in a map-based neuron network

A system consisting of two Rulkov map-based neurons coupled through reciprocal electrical synapses as a simple phenomenological example is discussed. When the electrical coupling is excitatory, the square-wave bursting can be well predicted by the bifurcation analysis of a comparatively simple low-dimensional subsystem embedded in the invariant manifold. While, when the synapses are inhibitory due to the artificial electrical coupling, a fast–slow analysis is carried out by treating the two slow variables as two different bifurcation parameters. The main result of this paper is to present a mechanism for the occurrence of a kind of special elliptic bursting. The mechanism for this kind of elliptic-like bursting is due to the interaction between two chaotic oscillations with different amplitudes. Moreover, the generation of antiphase synchronization of networks lies in the different switching orders between two pairs of different chaotic oscillations corresponding to the first neuron and the second neuron, respectively.     

不同分类水平自然类概念的实例效应

采用Heit和Barsalou的实验范式,以不同分类水平的中文语义自然类概念为实验材料验证实例效应。研究包括2个实验,被试为180名全日制在校大学生。实验1为无修饰词概念的典型性研究．结果表明人们不仅在抽象的水平上表征概念,也在具体的实例水平上表征概念。实验2用不同分类水平的自然类概念检验了在更广泛的概念范围内的实例效应,结果表明,不同分类水平的下位概念和下位概念实例在上位概念中的平均典型性大多显著相关,而且下位概念的实例在不同分类水平上位概念中（如：动物、小动物）的变化趋势和下位概念在不同分类水平上位概念中的变化趋势一致。实验1和实验2的结果均支持了Heit和Barsalou提出的实例效应。     

论道德挫折

道德挫折是利他行为者遭到受助者消极或恶意回应而产生的心理挫折形式,其不仅是一种个人挫折,更是一种社会挫折,即造成了社会资本的损失.对于道德挫折,应从其心理发生机制来加以深入探析,即主要从挫折情境、挫折认知与挫折反应来加以说明.另外,道德挫折对于学校道德教育而言既是必须面对的挑战,也是可以积极利用的遭遇.     

马克思物质变换思想与生态伦理重构

在人类中心主义和非人类中心主义对人与自然关系所做的道德谋划失败以后,马克思关于劳动首先是人与自然之间的物质变换的思想,既为重新确认生态伦理学存在的合法性提供了正当理由,也为生态伦理以善恶为核心向道德权利以义务为核心的转向奠定了基础.从马克思的物质变换思想出发,生态伦理何以为善的根据不再是人的利益,也不再是自然本身的权利和内在价值,而是人与自然之间的物质变换,正是这种物质变换决定了人类拥有向自然界提取自己所需物质资料以养育自身的道德权利,也规定了人类必须承担反馈自身的能量以养育自然环境的道德义务.     

规则分类中刺激感知特征突显度平衡条件下的样例效应

运用Allan和Brooks的实验范式,用2(学习轮次:5轮、10轮)×2(项目类型:旧项目、新项目)×2(项目匹配性质:正向匹配、反向匹配)混合实验设计,研究分类中刺激感知特征突显度平衡条件下的样例效应,结果发现:在学习5轮的条件下没有获得样例效应,在学习10轮的条件下,获得了错误率上的样例效应.     

回到思想史:先秦名学研究的新路向

Discussions of name (ming, 名) during the pre-Qin and Qin-Han period of Chinese history were very active. The concept ming at that time can be divided into two categories, one is the ethical-political meaning of the term and the other is the linguistic-logical understanding. The former far exceeds the latter in terms of overall influence on the development of Chinese intellectual history. But it is the latter that has received the most attention in the 20th century, due to the influence of Western logic. This has led to the result of a bias in the contemporary studies of ming. Changing course by returning to the correct path of intellectual history can providing an objective and thorough ordering of the pre-Qin discourse on ming. Translated by Joseph E. Harroff from Shandong Daxue Xuebao 山东大学学报 (Journal of Shandong University), 2007, (2): 59–64     

词切分对印-英双语者阅读影响的眼动研究

以25名印-英双语者为被试,采用EyeLink2000眼动仪,探讨词切分对印-英双语者阅读的影响。实验一要求被试阅读印地语句子,实验二要求被试阅读英语句子,词切分方式有三种：正常条件、无空格隔词加灰条件和无空格条件。结果发现：（1）对印-英双语者阅读自己的两种官方语言来说,空格因素在其阅读中发挥着积极作用,删除空格会明显影响他们的阅读;（2）在无空格隔词加灰条件和无空格条件下,印-英双语者阅读英语时下降的速度显著低于阅读印地语的,这表明空格因素的作用会受语言特点的制约。     

句法加工的脑机制

语言理解中,句法加工至关重要,它把各个意义单元以不同的方式整合起来,从而形成整体的意义表征。句法加工的脑机制是心理语言学比较关注的问题,目前由于ERP技术和功能成像技术的进步,使对这一机制的探讨成为可能。该文对有关句法加工的脑机制的研究进行了回顾与总结,并针对目前该领域存在的问题与争论进行了讨论