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31.
Mirella Díaz-Santos Samantha Mauro Bo Cao Arash Yazdanbakhsh Sandy Neargarder 《Neuropsychology, development, and cognition. Section B, Aging, neuropsychology and cognition》2017,24(2):115-134
The effects of age on the ability to resolve perceptual ambiguity are unknown, though it depends on frontoparietal attentional networks known to change with age. We presented the bistable Necker cube to 24 middle-aged and OAs (older adults; 56–78 years) and 20 YAs (younger adults; 18–24 years) under passive-viewing and volitional control conditions: Hold one cube percept and Switch between cube percepts. During passive viewing, OAs had longer dominance durations (time spent on each percept) than YAs. In the Hold condition, OAs were less able than YAs to increase dominance durations. In the Switch condition, OAs and YAs did not differ in performance. Dominance durations in either condition correlated with performance on tests of executive function mediated by the frontal lobes. Eye movements (fixation deviations) did not differ between groups. These results suggest that OAs’ reduced ability to hold a percept may arise from reduced selective attention. The lack of correlation of performance between Hold and executive-function measures suggests at least a partial segregation of underlying mechanisms. 相似文献
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该研究使用延迟的提取错误范式和R/K/G范式相结合的方法,从编码、误导和提取这三个加工阶段中重要影响因素对记忆暗示感受性产生的交互效应出发,深入考查了记忆暗示感受性产生过程中动态的自动加工与控制加工成分贡献。结果发现:(1)相比无意加工,编码阶段的有意加工更有利于记忆暗示感受性的产生。(2)当个体在编码阶段进行有意加工时,时间压力干扰能发挥其效应,明显提高了其记忆暗示感受性。(3)浅加工编码、时间压力条件下的记忆暗示感受性包含更多的自动加工成分;深加工编码条件下的记忆暗示感受性包含更多的控制加工成分。 相似文献
33.
对西部地区发展宗教旅游的思考 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
宗教旅游是市场规模大、需求稳定的优质旅游客源市场,西部地区拥有发展宗教旅游的良好基础.但是,从整体来看,西部地区宗教旅游业不仅竞争优势缺乏,而且比较优势并不明显.因此,应该从比较优势与竞争优势的关系出发,大力提升西部地区宗教旅游业的竞争优势. 相似文献
34.
In adults, native language phonology has strong perceptual effects. Previous work has shown that Japanese speakers, unlike French speakers, break up illegal sequences of consonants with illusory vowels: they report hearing abna as abuna. To study the development of phonological grammar, we compared Japanese and French infants in a discrimination task. In Experiment 1, we observed that 14-month-old Japanese infants, in contrast to French infants, failed to discriminate phonetically varied sets of abna-type and abuna-type stimuli. In Experiment 2, 8-month-old French and Japanese did not differ significantly from each other. In Experiment 3, we found that, like adults, Japanese infants can discriminate abna from abuna when phonetic variability is reduced (single item). These results show that the phonologically induced /u/ illusion is already experienced by Japanese infants at the age of 14 months. Hence, before having acquired many words of their language, they have grasped enough of their native phonological grammar to constrain their perception of speech sound sequences. 相似文献
35.
为了回应Locke提出的“目标设置理论仍然需要发展”的观点,本文从认知心理学的角度对目标设置理论进行了检验。结果表明:设置明确且有一定难度的目标比设置模糊或一般性目标会使被试产生更高水平的努力,从而提高成绩;设置明确但难度偏低的目标与设置模糊目标的成绩间并无显著性差异;被试对目标的可接受性程度越高,成绩越好;任务难度变量对目标难度与成绩之间的调节效应要通过被试对策略的发掘和使用以及在时间方面给予一定的压力才能得到体现。 相似文献
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Using Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined effective connectivity between three left hemisphere brain regions (inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, fusiform gyrus) and bilateral medial frontal gyrus in 12 children with reading difficulties (M age=12.4, range: 8.11-14.10) and 12 control children (M age=12.3, range: 8.9-14.11) during rhyming judgments to visually presented words. More difficult conflicting trials either had similar orthography but different phonology (e.g. pint-mint) or similar phonology but different orthography (e.g. jazz-has). Easier non-conflicting trials had similar orthography and phonology (e.g. dime-lime) or different orthography and phonology (e.g. staff-gain). The modulatory effect from left fusiform gyrus to left inferior parietal lobule was stronger in controls than in children with reading difficulties only for conflicting trials. Modulatory effects from left fusiform gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule to left inferior frontal gyrus were stronger for conflicting trials than for non-conflicting trials only in control children but not in children with reading difficulties. Modulatory effects from left inferior frontal gyrus to inferior parietal lobule, from medial frontal gyrus to left inferior parietal lobule, and from left inferior parietal lobule to medial frontal gyrus were positively correlated with reading skill only in control children. These findings suggest that children with reading difficulties have deficits in integrating orthography and phonology utilizing left inferior parietal lobule, and in engaging phonological rehearsal/segmentation utilizing left inferior frontal gyrus possibly through the indirect pathway connecting posterior to anterior language processing regions, especially when the orthographic and phonological information is conflicting. 相似文献
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同步内隐/外显序列学习:事件相关的fMRI的初步研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
本文利用事件相关fMRI研究探讨对于内隐和外显学习在脑区激活上的差异.实验采用同步内隐/外显学习序列,以有色的形状作为刺激材料.要求被试对于刺激的颜色做选择反应,并在颜色消失后找出形状的内在规则.颜色和图形序列分别采用两个独立的马尔可夫链,即下一个图形的颜色或者形状有70%的可能服从序列规则.行为数据显示被试习得了外显和内隐的规则,fMRI成像主要比较内隐和外显学习在学习过程和知识运用上脑区激活的差异.结果发现,与内隐学习柑比,外显学习在额叶的激活更为显著.而且,内隐学习和外显学习在视觉皮层的激活出现分离,内隐学习中枕叶的激活减弱,而外显学习中枕叶的激活增加. 相似文献
40.
简单结构刺激非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
用变化了的Allen和Brooks的实验范式,采用2(学习轮次:5轮、10轮)×2(项目类型:旧项目、新项目)×2(项目匹配性质:正向匹配、反向匹配)混合实验设计,研究对4个特征刺激分类时非规则特征突显条件下的样例效应。结果发现,无论是错误率还是反应时都取得了明显的样例效应,但是学习时间的影响不明显。 相似文献