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101.
The study was conducted to examine the impact of sociocultural influences and the moderating role of self-esteem and negative affect on body dissatisfaction and body change strategies for both adolescent boys and girls. Surveys designed to assess body dissatisfaction, body change strategies to decrease weight and increase muscles, perceived sociocultural pressures to lose weight and increase muscles, self-esteem and negative affect were administered to 587 boys and 598 girls aged between 11 and 15 years. The majority of respondents were from Anglo-Australian backgrounds (83%) with the remainder being from Asian and European non-English-speaking backgrounds. The sociocultural influences were found to significantly predict body dissatisfaction and body change strategies for both boys and girls. However, in the case of boys, self-esteem was found to moderate the impact of the sociocultural influences in predicting body change strategies. It was primarily the boys with low self-esteem who were more affected by the sociocultural pressures whereas the girls were affected independently of their self-esteem. Negative affect was also found to play a moderating role on some of the sociocultural influences in predicting strategies to increase muscles. Both boys and girls with higher levels of negative affect were more likely to be affected by sociocultural messages directed at increasing muscles. The results from the present study demonstrate that as well as examining the direct influence of sociocultural pressures, it is also important to examine how these may be moderated by self-esteem and negative affect. 相似文献
102.
Stice's dual pathway model of dietary restraint and negative affect was examined in both adolescent girls and boys. Self-report measures assessing body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, negative affect and bulimic behavior were administered to 267 girls and 199 boys aged between 12 and 16 years. The findings for the girls were consistent with Stice's model, in that they indicated that both dietary restraint and negative affect mediated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic behavior. For the boys who desired a thinner body size, only negative affect was found to mediate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic behavior. On the other hand, for boys who desired a larger body size, both body dissatisfaction and dietary restraint were found to exert an independent effect on bulimic behavior. As boys can aspire to two contrasting and seemingly opposite body size ideals, the findings highlight that the relationship between body dissatisfaction, dietary restraint, negative affect and bulimic behavior are more complex in males than in females. Further research using longitudinal designs is needed in order to test the directional and bidirectional nature of the observed interrelationships. 相似文献
103.
The State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA; M. J. Ree, C. MacLeod, D. French, & V. Locke, 2000) was designed to assess cognitive and somatic symptoms of anxiety as they pertain to one's mood in the moment (state) and in general (trait). This study extended the previous psychometric findings to a clinical sample and validated the STICSA against a well-published measure of anxiety, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; C. D. Spielberger, 1983). Patients (N=567) at an anxiety disorders clinic were administered a battery of questionnaires. The results of confirmatory factor analyses (Bentler-Bonnett nonnormed fit index, comparative fit index, and Bollen fit index>.90; root-mean-square error of approximation<.05); convergent and discriminant validity analyses; and group comparisons supported the reliability and validity of the STICSA as a measure of state and trait cognitive and somatic anxiety. In addition, compared with the STAI (anxiety: rs=.52; depression: rs>/=.64), the STICSA was more strongly correlated with another measure of anxiety (rs>/=.67) and was less strongly correlated with a measure of depression (rs=.61). These findings suggest that the STICSA may be a purer measure of anxiety symptomatology than is the STAI. 相似文献
104.
Marita P. McCabe Lucy Firth Elodie O’Connor 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2009,16(4):355-362
The current study was designed to investigate differences in mood and a range of QOL domains among 423 patients and 335 caregivers
of people with motor neurone disease (MND), Huntington’s disease (HD), Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients
and caregivers completed an anonymous questionnaire that evaluated their mood (anxiety, depression, fatigue, confusion) and
QOL (physical, psychological, social, environment). The results demonstrated that caregivers of people with MND and HD experienced
most problems with their mood and QOL compared to caregivers of people in the other illness groups. There were few differences
in mood or QOL between patients and caregivers. Patients generally showed greater confusion, physical impairment, and psychological
maladjustment. The findings suggest that educational and intervention programs need to be developed to help both patients
and their caregivers to adjust and cope with these illnesses, particularly caregivers of people with MND and HD. 相似文献
105.
The finding that new items are judged as remembered in the remember-know paradigm presents a challenge to traditional process
and systems accounts of memory. In three experiments, we demonstrated that false remember responses can be caused by misattributing
recollection to a context other than the study list. In Experiments 1 and 2, false remember responses to distractors that
were unrelated to studied words increased if they were encountered in a “preexposure” phase a few minutes or even a few days
prior to the studied list. A third experiment demonstrated that remember responses to preexposed distractors increased when
they were encoded in a manner similar to studied items, despite the more similar items being of weaker overall memory strength.
We propose a source misattribution account of false remembering to explain these data, suggesting that all remember judgments
reflect conscious recollection of contextual details, but false remember judgments are partly the result of recollection of
details from an extralist context (i.e., from a source other than the study list). 相似文献
106.
Cognitive-behavioral stress management increases free testosterone and decreases psychological distress in HIV-seropositive men. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
D G Cruess M H Antoni N Schneiderman G Ironson P McCabe J B Fernandez S E Cruess N Klimas M Kumar 《Health psychology》2000,19(1):12-20
The effects of a 10-week group-based cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) intervention on psychological distress and plasma free testosterone in symptomatic, HIV-seropositive men were examined. Participants were randomized to either CBSM (n = 42) or a wait-list control group (n = 23). Men in the CBSM intervention showed significant increases in testosterone, whereas control participants showed significant decreases. Those participating in CBSM had significant distress reductions, whereas controls showed no such change. Alterations in free testosterone were inversely related to changes in distress states over time, independent of any changes in cortisol. These findings demonstrate that a short-term CBSM intervention increases free testosterone levels among symptomatic, HIV-seropositive men, and alterations in free testosterone are associated with changes in psychological distress observed during CBSM. 相似文献
107.
The Relation Between Familial Factors and the Future Orientation of Urban, African American Sixth Graders 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
This study examined the relations between familial and environmental factors and five dimensions of future orientation in a sample of urban, African American early adolescents from low-income families. A new multidimensional interview measure, the Future Orientation Interview, was designed for this study to expand on available measures. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to examine the unique contribution of each familial and environmental factor to each dimension of future orientation. The independent variables significantly predicted three of the five dimensions of future orientation: salience, detail, and control beliefs. The pattern of significance varied for each dimension of future orientation, with mother involvement, kinship social support, and socialization of future orientation emerging as important predictors of various dimensions of future orientation. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical issues related to future orientation and implications for intervention. 相似文献
108.
109.
Anne M. Cleary Kristen E. Konkel Jason S. Nomi David P. McCabe 《Memory & cognition》2010,38(4):452-460
Odors are notoriously difficult to identify, yet an odor can often lead to a sense of recognition, despite an inability to
identify it. In the present study, we examined this phenomenon using the recognition-withoutidentification paradigm. Participants
studied either odor names alone or odor names that were accompanied by scratch-and-sniff stickers containing their corresponding
scents. At test, the participants were presented with blank scratch-and-sniff stickers, half of which corresponded to items
that were studied and half of which did not. The participants attempted to identify each test odor, as well as to rate the
likelihood that it corresponded to a studied item. In addition, the participants indicated whether they were in a tip-of-the-tongue
(TOT) state for a given odor’s name. Odor recognition without identification was found, but only when the participants had
actually smelled the test odor at study; it was not found when the participants only studied odor names and were then tested
with odors, suggesting that this effect is an episode-specific, perceptually driven phenomenon. Despite this difference, an
overall TOT-attribution effect, whereby recognition ratings were higher during TOT states than during non-TOT states, was
shown across conditions. 相似文献
110.
Lauren K. Williams Lina A. Ricciardelli Marita P. McCabe Boyd A. Swinburn Gade G. Waqa Kelera Bavadra 《Sex roles》2006,55(7-8):555-566
Australian and Fijian adolescent girls reported on the influence that sociocultural factors, including parents, peers, and
the media, had on their body image attitudes. It was expected that messages that promote a thin body would be less prevalent
among Fijians, as their cultural traditions place more importance on robust body sizes. An inductive thematic analysis of
the girls’ semi-structured interviews indicated that both Fijian (n = 16) and Australian (n = 16) girls (aged 13–17) reported messages from similar sources, which included parents, siblings, and friends/peers. Australian
girls consistently reported messages that reinforced thinness. On the other hand, Fijian girls reported messages that emphasized
both thinness and robustness. The discussion focuses on the conflict between Western ideals and cultural Fijian traditions
and the implications for culturally sensitive interventions. 相似文献