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101.
Gerhard Roth 《Psychotherapeut》2016,61(2):118-123
The psyche of a human being is formed in strict correlation with the development of the brain. Genetic, epigenetic regulatory and prenatal influences through the brain of the mother as well as postnatal influences, predominantly as early childhood attachment experiences are all intertwined with each other. This takes place at three “limbic levels”: a lower level at which the infantile temperament resides, a middle level of early childhood impressioning experiences and an upper limbic level of socialization. The cognitive language level develops in a relatively independent manner. At the three limbic levels six psychoneural systems are operative, namely the stress processing, the self-calming, the impulse inhibiting, the motivation, the attachment and the reality and risk perception systems. Mental disorders are characterized throughout by disorders of the first two systems, predominantly in the form of greatly increased cortisol levels and greatly reduced serotinin levels. These then induce deficits in other systems; however, in less severe cases compensatory processes can occur via an attachment-related increased release of oxytocin. Similar processes also occur within the “therapeutic alliance” in the patient-therapist relationship. 相似文献
102.
Gerhard Roth 《Psychotherapeut》2016,61(6):455-461
Successful psychotherapy requires structural and functional changes in limbic brain centers; however, these differ in manner, effectiveness and dynamics. One primary factor is the therapeutic alliance, i.?e. the mutual trust between patient and therapist. This factor reduces the level of stress hormones via release of the “bonding hormone” oxytocin and increases the production of serotonin and endogenous opioids. As a consequence, a rapid improvement of the mental emotional state of the patient often occurs; however, this is not accompanied by the deeper and longer lasting neuronal changes necessary to treat severe mental illnesses. This occurs only when dysfunctional habits of feeling, thinking and acting residing primarily in the basal ganglia (striatopallidum and nucleus accumbens) and amygdala are reorganized. Rather than being an explicit cognitive process this represents an implicit procedural process, which after an extensive search for resources requires a sufficient length of time and frequent rehearsal of more adaptive emotional attitudes and patterns of behavior. Apparently, this is promoted by the generation of new nerve cells from neural stem cells induced by oxytocin and neurotrophins, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), taking place in the hippocampus and the basal ganglia. All these facts are in favor of a long-term psychotherapy at least in cases of severe mental diseases. 相似文献
103.
Religious Involvement and Health Over Time: Predictive Effects in a National Sample of African Americans
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David L. Roth Therri Usher Eddie M. Clark Cheryl L. Holt 《Journal for the scientific study of religion》2016,55(2):417-424
In this study, two telephone interviews that assessed both religious involvement and health‐related quality of life were conducted approximately 2.5 years apart in a national sample of 290 African Americans. Religious involvement was assessed with an instrument that measured both personal religious beliefs (e.g., having a personal relationship with God) and more public religious behaviors (e.g., attending church services). Health‐related quality of life was measured with version 2 of the Medical Outcomes Study 12‐item short form (SF‐12v2). Structural equation models indicated that higher religious beliefs at baseline predicted better physical and mental health 2.5 years later. Higher religious behaviors at baseline contributed smaller, complementary suppression effects. Physical and mental health indicators from the SF‐12v2 at baseline did not predict changes in either religious beliefs or religious behaviors over time. These findings indicate that, for African Americans, personal religious beliefs lead to beneficial health effects over time, whereas individual differences in health do not appear to predict changes in religious involvement. 相似文献
104.
Natalie C. Tunnell Thomas Ritz Frank H. Wilhelm Walton T. Roth Alicia E. Meuret 《Behavior Therapy》2021,52(1):124-135
Psychophysiological theories postulate respiratory dysregulation as a mechanism contributing to panic disorder (PD). Additionally, symptomatic and respiratory recovery from voluntary hyperventilation (HVT-recovery) have been shown to lag in PD and it is unclear if HVT-recovery normalizes with treatment. Thirty-seven panic disorder patients were randomized to hypoventilation therapy (TX, n = 20) or waitlist control (WL, n = 17) (Meuret et al., 2008). In a secondary analysis, their HVT-recovery was analyzed at pre- and post-TX/WL, compared to 29 healthy controls (HC). HVT included three phases: 5-min baseline, 3-min hyperventilation, and 8-min recovery. HVT-elicited symptom severity and anxiety were rated following each phase, and end-tidal PCO2 and respiratory rate (RR) were recorded throughout. Treatment, compared to WL, was highly effective in reducing PD pathology (d = 2.21, Meuret et al., 2008). At pre-TX/WL, PD demonstrated delayed HVT-recovery PCO2 and higher RR. Treated patients demonstrated normalization of HVT-recovery for PCO2 and RR; however, improvements of HVT-recovery for symptom severity and anxiety did not differ between TX and WL. Results replicate pretreatment HVT respiratory recovery abnormalities in PD and further demonstrate normalization, comparable to HC, following successful treatment. The results provide support for respiratory dysregulation as a feature of PD and demonstrate the utility of HVT respiratory recovery as treatment outcome measure for respiration-based PD therapy. 相似文献
105.
Animal Cognition - The communicating skills of dogs are well documented and especially their contact-seeking behaviours towards humans. The aim of this study was to use the unsolvable problem... 相似文献
106.
Bushman BJ Giancola PR Parrott DJ Roth RM 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2012,48(2):591-595
The failure to consider the future consequences of one's behavior is a major risk factor for aggression. Aggressive people tend to act first, and think later. Some people focus on the -here and now rather than on the future, a tendency measured by the Consideration of Future Consequences (CFC) scale (Strathman, Gleicher, Boninger, & Edwards, 1994). Alcohol intoxication is a neuro-biological variable that produces similar effects. Participants in the present experiment completed the CFC scale and then consumed either an alcohol or a placebo beverage. Next, they competed against a same-sex ostensible partner on an interpersonally adversarial competitive task in which the winner could administer electric shocks to the loser (the aggression measure). As expected, aggression was highest in intoxicated persons with low CFC scores. Being unconcerned about the future consequences of one's actions, in conjunction with acute alcohol intoxication, combine in a pernicious manner to increase aggression. 相似文献
107.
Social comparisons are important because other people can serve as benchmarks to determine one's own capabilities and act as sources for inspiration. Despite this, people do not always fully utilize social comparison information. The present paper demonstrates that feelings of power may reduce use of social comparison information. In three experiments, participants were first induced to feel high or low in power, or were in a control condition. Then, they were exposed to either upward or downward comparison targets. In all three experiments, low power participants responded to targets with contrast or assimilation, whereas high power participants did not. This has important implications for our understanding of how people's positions in the social and organizational hierarchies affect their basic psychological functioning. 相似文献
108.
Sarah E. Martiny Jenny Roth Petra Jelenec Melanie C. Steffens Jean‐Claude Croizet 《European journal of social psychology》2012,42(1):65-71
The detrimental consequences of negative stereotypes on performance have been demonstrated in a variety of social groups with various stereotypes. The present studies investigate the minimal conditions for stereotype threat using newly created groups. Results of three experiments (total N = 184) demonstrate that in the negative stereotype condition, the more participants identified with their novel group, the stronger was their decrease in performance. In the control condition, identification was either not related to performance, or it had by trend a positive effect. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed with regard to stereotype threat and social identity theory. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
109.
Delplanque S Chrea C Grandjean D Ferdenzi C Cayeux I Porcherot C Le Calvé B Sander D Scherer KR 《Cognition & emotion》2012,26(5):885-898
The investigation of the semantic space associated with subjective affective experiences or feelings linked to odour perception has recently emerged. Because of the specificity of the emotional effects of odours, the terms derived from traditional models of emotion are unlikely to optimally account for odour-associated feelings. In this study, sets of terms derived from two traditional models, basic emotions and valence by arousal by dominance dimensional emotions, were compared with a recently elaborated olfaction-specific set of terms (Geneva Emotion and Odour Scale; GEOS). Three main criteria were considered: (1) the feeling's intensity reported in response to odours; (2) the inter-rater agreement concerning the reported feelings; and (3) the power to discriminate feelings evoked by various odorous substances. The evidence strongly suggested that the set of terms proposed by GEOS outperformed the terms derived from the two classical models in measuring the subjective affective experience elicited by odours. These results are interpreted with respect to a good correspondence between the functions of olfaction and the meaning conveyed by GEOS terms. 相似文献
110.
Bloesch EK Davoli CC Roth N Brockmole JR Abrams RA 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2012,19(2):177-183
Recent research has shown that being able to interact with an object causes it to be perceived as being closer than objects
that cannot be interacted with. In the present study, we examined whether that compression of perceived space would be experienced
by people who simply observed such interactions by others with no intention of performing the action themselves. Participants
judged the distance to targets after observing an actor reach to an otherwise unreachable target with a tool (Experiment 1) or illuminate a distant target with a laser pointer (Experiment 2). Observing either type of interaction caused a compression of perceived space, revealing that a person’s perception of space
can be altered through mere observation. These results indicate that shared representations between an actor and observer
are engaged at the perceptual level easily and perhaps automatically, even in the absence of cooperation or an observer’s
own intention to interact. 相似文献