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61.
The process by which adults develop competence in symbolic mathematics tasks is poorly understood. Nonhuman animals, human
infants, and human adults all form nonverbal representations of the approximate numerosity of arrays of dots and are capable
of using these representations to perform basic mathematical operations. Several researchers have speculated that individual
differences in the acuity of such nonverbal number representations provide the basis for individual differences in symbolic
mathematical competence. Specifically, prior research has found that 14-year-old children’s ability to rapidly compare the
numerosities of two sets of colored dots is correlated with their mathematics achievements at ages 5–11. In the present study,
we demonstrated that although when measured concurrently the same relationship holds in children, it does not hold in adults.
We conclude that the association between nonverbal number acuity and mathematics achievement changes with age and that nonverbal
number representations do not hold the key to explaining the wide variety of mathematical performance levels in adults. 相似文献
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In learning mathematics, children must master fundamental logical relationships, including the inverse relationship between addition and subtraction. At the start of elementary school, children lack generalized understanding of this relationship in the context of exact arithmetic problems: they fail to judge, for example, that 12 + 9 − 9 yields 12. Here, we investigate whether preschool children’s approximate number knowledge nevertheless supports understanding of this relationship. Five-year-old children were more accurate on approximate large-number arithmetic problems that involved an inverse transformation than those that did not, when problems were presented in either non-symbolic or symbolic form. In contrast they showed no advantage for problems involving an inverse transformation when exact arithmetic was involved. Prior to formal schooling, children therefore show generalized understanding of at least one logical principle of arithmetic. The teaching of mathematics may be enhanced by building on this understanding. 相似文献
64.
Predicting the Early Developmental Course of Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care were examined to test whether: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms remain stable from 54 months through early elementary school; behavioral inhibition and attention deficits assessed at 54 months predict ADHD symptoms in elementary school, even after controlling for their temporal stability; and early behavioral inhibition and attention deficits moderate the longitudinal stability in ADHD symptoms. Data were examined using continuous and categorical measures of symptoms. Modest stability in ADHD symptoms from 54 months to third grade was found. Measures of inhibition and inattention predicted later teacher ratings uniquely, but no evidence was found for moderation. Measures of preschool behavioral inhibition also predicted “persistently at risk status” defined by elevated teacher ratings over time. Results are discussed in terms of executive and motivational facets of inhibition that may be related to early signs of ADHD. 相似文献
65.
Stanley Sacks Ph.D. Charles M. Cleland Ph.D. Gerald Melnick Ph.D. Patrick M. Flynn Ph.D. Kevin Knight Ph.D. Peter D. Friedmann M.D. M.P.H. Michael L. Prendergast Ph.D. Carrie Coen MA 《Behavioral sciences & the law》2009,27(1):51-69
The present study examines the relationship between substance use, mental health problems, and violence in a sample of offenders released from prison and referred to substance abuse treatment programs. Data from 34 sites (n = 1,349) in a federally funded cooperative, the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJDATS), were analyzed. Among parolees referred to substance abuse treatment, self‐reports for the six‐month period before the arrest resulting in their incarceration revealed frequent problems with both substance use and mental health. For most offenders with substance use problems, the quantity of alcohol consumed and the frequency of drug use were associated with a greater probability of self‐reported violence. Mental health problems were not indicative of increases in violent behavior, with the exception of antisocial personality problems, which were associated with violence. The paper emphasizes the importance of providing substance abuse treatment in relation to violent behavior among offenders with mental health problems being discharged to the community. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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James A. Knight 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》1995,16(3):265-280
Although students bring to medical school a fairly well established value system, the potential for moral growth through the medical school environment and experience is substantial. The educational environment poses a succession of developmental and adaptive tasks to be accomplished. Several of these tasks are discussed here, tasks that are value-laden and involve, directly or indirectly, the interplay of ethical theory and practice. During the past quarter century, the two influences that have had the greatest impact on the moral growth and moral reasoning capacity of medical students have been the incorporation into the medical school curriculum of courses in medical humanities and the admission to medical school of an increasing number of female students. The female students have brought to medical school a level or dimension of moral reasoning (morality as care or responsibility for others) to augment the male students' focus on rights and justice considerations. 相似文献
69.
Lucie Knight 《Counselling psychology quarterly》1997,10(4):365-376
Counselling in prima y care settings has received much interest throughout Britain. Many surgeries employ counsellors or psychologists as part of the primay health care team. This paper describes a model of primary care counselling using an example of a case encountered in general practice. It emphasizes the advantages of offering on-site counselling services, such as better possibilities of liaison with the referring doctor and coordination of patient care. Progress was made in seven sessions of short-term cognitive-behavioural treatment and a more stigmatizing referral (for example, to psychiatric services) was avoided. The case can be seen as an appropriate referral in the context of primay care counselling and illustrates the benefit of this approach to the treatment of psychological and social problems in general practice. Names and details have been changed to preserve confidentiality. 相似文献
70.
Knight James A. Brister C. W. St. Clair Robert James Christensen Carl W. Casteel John L. Beatty Donald C. Brister C. W. Strunk Orlo Christensen Carl W. Stewart Charles W. 《Pastoral Psychology》1965,16(1):51-65
Pastoral Psychology - 相似文献