幼儿情绪理解层次的发展及其与依恋的关系

采用情绪理解测验和儿童依恋行为卡片中文版,探讨幼儿在不同情绪理解层次上的发展特点,并考察其与依恋的关系。114名3～6岁儿童完成了测试。结果显示,不同层次的情绪理解随儿童年龄的增长不断发展:面部表情识别和情绪外因的发展时间相对较早,而混合情绪理解和道德情绪理解相对较晚;不同依恋类型儿童在不同情绪理解层次上存在差异:安全型依恋儿童在情绪理解总分以及情绪外因、基于愿望的情绪理解、基于信念的情绪理解、基于记忆的情绪理解任务的成绩均显著高于非安全型依恋儿童。     

Toward a Multi-Layered Chiasme-Focused Topology: A Reading of Merleau-Ponty’s Later Writings

This paper traces the genealogy of reversibility, chiasma, and chiasme in Merleau-Ponty’s writings and offers a new characterisation of his later ontology in terms of a multi-layered chiasme-focused topology informed by subtle differences and interconnections among these notions. We need to grasp the significance of reversibility not only in terms of constant recoil and impossible overlap but also of its situatedness in the crisscrossing between Dasein and things, and between the inside/invisible and the outside/visible. “Chiasma” was initially introduced as a reference to the intersection of perspectives. Merleau-Ponty deploys it to articulate macroscopic insights concerning the nature of philosophy and the interweaving connections between self, other, and the world. In comparison, “reversibility” is primarily used to describe the microscopic bond between touching-touched and perceiving-perceived. I argue that, as Merleau-Ponty’s ultimate choice of wording, “chiasme” incorporated the significance of both “reversibility” and “chiasma.” A chiasme-focused topology that retains the significance of all three of the terms would serve to better convey the import of Merleau-Ponty’s later ontology, which aims to dissolve and to re-configure our conceptions about being, body, self, and the other from within and from below.     

不同相关线索下海洛因成瘾者的反应差异及反应抑制特征：来自ERP的证据

采用ERP技术, 探究海洛因成瘾者在不同相关线索下的脑电反应及其与冲动性的关系。实验采用组间实验设计和双选择Oddball范式, 要求海洛因成瘾组和健康对照组被试对标准刺激与偏差刺激分别做不同的按键反应, 记录他们的EEG数据。结果发现：相比对照组被试, 海洛因成瘾者在观看药物相关线索时诱发的N2波幅更小, P3波幅更大; 在成瘾组内, 相比用药工具线索, 用药动作线索诱发了更小的N2波幅和更大的P3波幅。这表明海洛因成瘾者对药物相关线索存在反应抑制缺陷, 且不同的药物相关线索会激发海洛因成瘾者不同程度的反应抑制缺陷, 用药动作线索比用药工具线索更大程度地影响成瘾者的反应抑制能力, 反映出更高的动作冲动性。     

天津市幼儿教师社会化现状的调查与分析

随机抽取天津市十三所幼儿园的445名幼儿教师为调查对象,通过对其社会化内容和策略的问卷调查,探讨了天津市幼儿教师社会化发展的基本状况,结果发现：（1）幼儿教师“起始阶段”的职业选择主要受其父母影响,且对其职业大多认同,但对其孩子的职业期望,未表现出特殊偏向;（2）幼儿教师在社会化过程中对工作技能的学习认同度最高,而对单位政治的了解程度最低;（3）在影响幼儿教师社会化的诸多因素中,其主动策略占主导地位,幼教机构的社会化策略也占有重要地位;（4）观察／模仿策略是幼儿教师使用得最多的主动策略,而伴随策略是幼教机构最经常使用的社会化策略。     

Eye-movement assessment of the time course in facial expression recognition: Neurophysiological implications

Happy, surprised, disgusted, angry, sad, fearful, and neutral faces were presented extrafoveally, with fixations on faces allowed or not. The faces were preceded by a cue word that designated the face to be saccaded in a two-alternative forced-choice discrimination task (2AFC; Experiments 1 and 2), or were followed by a probe word for recognition (Experiment 3). Eye tracking was used to decompose the recognition process into stages. Relative to the other expressions, happy faces (1) were identified faster (as early as 160 msec from stimulus onset) in extrafoveal vision, as revealed by shorter saccade latencies in the 2AFC task; (2) required less encoding effort, as indexed by shorter first fixations and dwell times; and (3) required less decision-making effort, as indicated by fewer refixations on the face after the recognition probe was presented. This reveals a happy-face identification advantage both prior to and during overt attentional processing. The results are discussed in relation to prior neurophysiological findings on latencies in facial expression recognition.     

时距知觉中的情绪效应

情绪极易影响时距知觉,致使主观时距偏离客观时距。新近研究者们结合日趋成熟的标量计时模型及神经学相关依据,并通过采用标准化情绪诱发材料的实验研究,较为系统地解释了情绪的生理唤醒和注意唤醒两种成分各自对内部计时机制造成的干扰效应。研究发现,两种效应中前者会加长主观时距而后者会使其缩短,且分别有不同的发生特点。该文在介绍国内外关于时距知觉中的情绪效应的新近研究基础上,提出应从探索两种效应的分离方法、考虑记忆效应因素以及增加实验自变量的数目和取值水平三个方面来开展进一步的研究     

社会通则及其有关研究

长期以来,心理学对文化差异的研究以价值观为主导。2002年Leung等人提出了社会通则概念（Social Axiom）,使得对文化差异的研究有了新载体。社会通则区别于价值观、社会态度、人格特质等概念,它是个体对于他人、社会、物质和精神世界的一般化信念,特指个体对两个概念或者两个实体关系的一般性认识。研究者编制的社会通则问卷具有良好的信效度。该问卷在40多个国家的应用表明,社会通则在不同文化和社会背景下具有共同的5个维度,即愤世嫉俗、社会多样性、付出有回报、宗教性和命运控制。社会通则的研究从新视角探讨了文化差异以及心理机制和行为表现的关系,为社会心理学提供了新的研究方向。     

人际目标认知三视角模型

人际关系对自我管理有着重要的意义。关系对象会影响个体的目标设置和目标追求,个体在日常生活中所追求的目标也会影响其人际关系的进程。Fitzsimons等人提出了人际目标认知三视角模型,强调目标在自我和他人关系中的重要作用。模型主要介绍了目标与重要他人之间的双向复杂关系,并对影响二者关系的调节变量进行了分析。未来研究应该在深入探讨重要他人与目标之间关系的基础上扩大人际关系对象的范围,考察一般他人与目标的关系及其心理机制。     

道德自律的特性解读

道德自律是道德发展的重要阶段.对道德自律特性的分析,需要有一个宽广的平台,既要从道德个体的视角,也要从社会规范的宏观领域来考察.道德自律的特性表现为自觉性、为我性、内化性和开放性.道德自律的特性体现在道德发展整个过程的始终.     

试新隋唐时期的民间弥勒信仰

在中古时代,佛教对中国文化产生了深远影响,还极大地影响了民间社会生活。通过对隋唐时期佛教流传状况和佛教弥勒信仰渊源的阐释,来分析隋唐时期弥勒信仰对当时社会生活的影响。