样例呈现方式对概念训练类别表征的影响

以往研究发现训练形式会影响类别学习的表征方式。实验采用学习-迁移范式,探究概念训练中样例的呈现方式对类别表征的影响。实验中被试通过不同呈现方式来学习类别知识,在学习3个block之后对其进行测验。实验结果表明:(1)学习单样例和同一类别比较学习的被试在测验阶段的成绩与学习阶段之间没有差异;(2)学习不同类别比较学习的被试在测验阶段的成绩大幅度下降。因此得出结论,在概念训练中,不同类别比较学习导致被试形成类别间信息的表征。     

汉语老年读者的多词单元加工：来自眼动研究的证据

选取由两个双字词组成的多词组合（单词组合、模糊词组合、双词组合）,比较老年人和青年人对多词单元的加工情况。结果发现,相比于其他两类组合,所有被试在单词组合上的注视时间更短,第一遍注视次数更少,成分词上的注视时间更短,跳读率更高,表现出多词单元的加工优势,而且这一加工优势不存在显著的年龄差异。结果表明,汉语老年读者同样将多词单元作为整体进行加工。     

MIRT模型中多维能力及其相关矩阵估计的影响因素

多维项目反应理论因其模型本身的天然优势及其兼具因素分析与项目反应理论于一身的优点,而被广大研究者及应用者所重视.本研究在前人研究基础上,重点讨论MIRT多维能力及能力间相关矩阵的参数估计问题.研究采用Monte Carlo模拟方法进行,在三因素完全随机设计（4 ×3×3）下,使用MCMC算法,探讨测验维度数、维度间的相关大小和测验项目数三个因素对MIRT能力及其相关矩阵估计的影响.     

监狱男性警察情绪智力对情绪劳动的影响分析

为了解广州市监狱基层警察的情绪劳动与情绪智力的关系,采用随机抽样法对100名监狱基层警察进行问卷调查。结果表明:①情绪劳动与情绪智力呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.628(P0.01)②情绪智力对深层表现的正效应大于对表层表现和自然表现的正效应,说明情绪智力在促进深层行动方面具有更重要的作用。③在情绪劳动中,深层表现需要较高的情绪智力,而自然表现需要较低的情绪智力。结论:监狱基层警察的情绪劳动是中等水平,情绪智力水平是中等偏上,并且两者呈显著性正相关。因此,提高监狱警察的情绪智力水平,优化情绪劳动表现策略的运用,从而促进罪犯监管工作和教育改造工作顺利进行。     

少数民族大学生文化疏离感调查

本研究在文献综述、谈话、开放式问卷调查的基础上,提出自己关于南部沿海少数民族大学生文化疏离感的理论假设,并在此基础上编制了少数民族大学生文化疏离感的初测问卷,经过初测和相应统计分析,形成正式问卷。最后使用该问卷对八所大学的500名畲族、壮族及其他少数民族大学生的文化疏离感进行调查研究,回收有效问卷398份。探索性因素因素分析结果表明,高职高专学生表现出与本科大学生不同的文化疏离感维度,分别是:文化束缚感、言语疏离感、文化执着感、文化认同感。这表明出地区、民族因素外,被试所接受的教育可能也是影响其疏离感及文化疏离感的重要因素。高职高专学生与大学生所在社会环境,个人特质及心理素质还是有一定的差距。通过方差分析,结果表明,文化疏离感各维度在学历、民族、性别主效应上有显著差异。     

面孔信任评价及其与信任倾向的关系

68名大学生对随机生成的300张面孔进行是否值得信任的评价,结果显示评价者对陌生面孔的初始信任程度不同,表明由结构特征所决定的面孔可信度的高低直接影响了评价者对其信任程度的高低。随后研究进一步考察了信任倾向与面孔信任评价间的关系,结果表明信任倾向与面孔信任评价间存在显著正相关,其中在"不值得信任面孔"评价中表现尤为显著。这些结果表明,面孔可信度和信任倾向两因素对于初始信任判断具有重要的影响作用。     

Do you see what I’m singing? Visuospatial movement biases pitch perception

The nature of the connection between musical and spatial processing is controversial. While pitch may be described in spatial terms such as “high” or “low”, it is unclear whether pitch and space are associated but separate dimensions or whether they share representational and processing resources. In the present study, we asked participants to judge whether a target vocal note was the same as (or different from) a preceding cue note. Importantly, target trials were presented as video clips where a singer sometimes gestured upward or downward while singing that target note, thus providing an alternative, concurrent source of spatial information. Our results show that pitch discrimination was significantly biased by the spatial movement in gesture, such that downward gestures made notes seem lower in pitch than they really were, and upward gestures made notes seem higher in pitch. These effects were eliminated by spatial memory load but preserved under verbal memory load conditions. Together, our findings suggest that pitch and space have a shared representation such that the mental representation of pitch is audiospatial in nature.     

Role of surface roughness in hysteresis during adhesive elastic contact

In experiments that involve contact with adhesion between two surfaces, as found in atomic force microscopy or nanoindentation, two distinct contact force (P) versus indentation-depth (h) curves are often measured depending on whether the indenter moves towards or away from the sample. The origin of this hysteresis is not well understood and is often attributed to moisture, plasticity or viscoelasticity. Here we report experiments which show that hysteresis can exist in the absence of these effects, and that its magnitude depends on surface roughness. We develop a theoretical model in which the hysteresis appears as the result of a series of surface instabilities, in which the contact area grows or recedes by a finite amount. The model can be used to estimate material properties from contact experiments even when the measured P–h curves are not unique.     

张商英三教“鼎足之不可缺一”的思想

北宋著名学者、政治家张商英当理学兴起之时,回应欧阳修、二程的批佛言论,主张儒释道三教融合、鼎足而立,不可缺一。认为三教均有补于治世。一定程度地看到儒家治世思想之流弊,提倡以佛法、道书济儒教之穷。从他一再把儒学称之为"吾儒"、"吾教"而言,表明他在一定程度上还是以儒为主来调和儒佛、融合三教的。     

Self-esteem and proactive personality as predictors of future work self and career adaptability: An examination of mediating and moderating processes

Basing on career construction theory and self-verification theory, current research examined the mediating and moderating models for the relations among self-esteem, proactive personality, career exploration, future work self and career adaptability. A two-wave survey study was conducted among Chinese university students (N = 305). The results showed that both self-esteem and proactive personality (measured at time 1) positively predicted future work self and career adaptability (measured at time 2), with these relationships mediated by career exploration (measured at time 1). In addition, the results further revealed that the positive effect of self-esteem on career exploration was stronger among students who had a higher level of proactive personality. In support of the hypothesized moderated mediation model, for individuals with a higher level of proactive personality, the indirect effects of self-esteem on future work self and career adaptability through career exploration were stronger. These findings carry implications for research on career construction theory and career counseling practices.