Aiming at Happiness: How Motivation Affects Attention to and Memory for Emotional Images

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). American Psychologist, 54, 155–181) posits that older adults, and anyone else who perceives their time as limited, show a motivational shift toward emotion regulation which causes them to exhibit a positivity bias and negativity avoidance in attention and memory. We tested whether such a motivational shift can indeed cause changes in emotional processing by manipulating motivation in a sample of young adults. After the manipulation, participants looked at real-world images while their eye movements were tracked. It was found that participants motivated to regulate emotion attended less to negative than positive images and showed less looking time to all stimulus types compared to the other two conditions. No evidence was found linking the motivational manipulation to emotional memory.

Two efficient selection methods for high-dimensional CD-CAT utilizing max-marginals factor from MAP query and ensemble learning approach

Computerized adaptive testing for cognitive diagnosis (CD-CAT) needs to be efficient and responsive in real time to meet practical applications' requirements. For high-dimensional data, the number of categories to be recognized in a test grows exponentially as the number of attributes increases, which can easily cause system reaction time to be too long such that it adversely affects the examinees and thus seriously impacts the measurement efficiency. More importantly, the long-time CPU operations and memory usage of item selection in CD-CAT due to intensive computation are impractical and cannot wholly meet practice needs. This paper proposed two new efficient selection strategies (HIA and CEL) for high-dimensional CD-CAT to address this issue by incorporating the max-marginals from the maximum a posteriori query and integrating the ensemble learning approach into the previous efficient selection methods, respectively. The performance of the proposed selection method was compared with the conventional selection method using simulated and real item pools. The results showed that the proposed methods could significantly improve the measurement efficiency with about 1/2–1/200 of the conventional methods' computation time while retaining similar measurement accuracy. With increasing number of attributes and size of the item pool, the computation time advantage of the proposed methods becomes more significant.     

对三维心理旋转操作任务特性的效应的初步研究

在认知心理学领域,对心理旋转的研究主要是以反应时范式为基础。本研究试图突破反应时范式,把心理测量学和实验的方法相结合,以现代测量理论——项目反应理论的项目参数（如项目难度、区分度、猜测参数）为指标,对心理旋转测验中,操作任务的若干特性对测验项目特性的影响进行研究,结果发现：对于以Ｓｈｅｐａｒｄ三维旋转材料编制的心理旋转测验、测验材料的复杂程度,标准图形和匹配图形的角度差,以及匹配图形的编排位置等对测验项目的诸特性均无显著影响。     

色塔人格测验试用研究

用色塔人格测验对中国７２２名５—８０岁正常者及１５１名患有精神病、违法犯罪等异常者进行了测试,建立了中国常模。与日本版比较,增加了成人组的资料。研究表明,中国版色塔人格测验具有较高的信度和效度。该测验稍加修改即可在中国正式使用。     

论“原始至上神”

本文简要地评介了西方人类学界对原始至上神的论点。根据我国当代民族志材料,认为原始至上神信仰是信奉原始宗教民族中比较普遍的现象。原始至上神信仰不是一种教,不同于阶级社会一神教的至上神,是原始人基于强烈的求生愿望,对于有序世界的思考而形成的一种信仰,它和万物有灵观念同属于原始宗教的早期形态,却是原始观念两个系统上并行的产物。     

Future time perspective drives younger and older adults to continue investing in failing activities

Inspired by socioemotional selectivity theory, we investigated age differences in further investment in failing situations by considering goal type and future time perspective. In Experiment 1, 32 younger and 30 older adults reported their likelihood of continued investing following an unsuccessful investment. Older adults were more willing to invest with emotional goals as opposed to knowledge and unspecified goals, while younger adults showed a greater willingness to invest with emotional and knowledge goals rather than unspecified goals. In Experiment 2, another sample of 32 younger and 34 older adults completed the same decision tasks as those in Experiment 1. After future time perspective restriction, the younger adults made decisions resembling Experiment 1's older adults, while after future time perspective expansion, the older adults behaved like Experiment 1's younger adults. These results indicate that future time perspective modification could reverse participants' goal prioritisation, manifesting in differential willingness to pursue further investment in decision scenarios with different goals. Our results represent important steps towards understanding the mechanism of older and younger adults' further investment in failing situations and illustrate that forging connections between the lifespan theory of motivation and further investment decision is critical for understanding adults' decision behaviours.     

儿童外部问题行为稳定性的研究

儿童早期外部问题行为对后期的学业、行为和同伴关系以及成人期的生活都有消极的影响。探讨外部问题行为的起源、影响因素和发展机制,对考察童年期外部问题行为是否可预测将来的问题、评估干预和预防措施的必要性和有效性,都是必不可少的。文章阐述了儿童外部问题行为稳定性的有关概念,介绍了外部问题行为的发展趋势、“童年期开始的”和“青春期开始的”外部问题行为的发展路径、行为遗传学研究成果以及影响外部问题行为稳定性的因素,并指出了这类研究对治疗和干预的意义     

创造性的公众观的调查研究（Ⅱ）——关于影响创造性的因素

本研究采用调查分析的方法,在预调查的基础上,编制问卷对影响创造性的因素的公众观进行了调查研究,结果发现：1．公众对影响创造性的诸因素的重要性的看法存在差异。2．公众的年龄,教育程度对影响创造性的因素的看法总体影响显著。3．公众的性别、年龄、教育程度对影响创造性的因素的看法总体交互作用显著。4．公众对影响创造性的某些因素的看法分别受性别、年龄、教育程度影响显著。5．公众性别、年龄、教育程度对影响创造性的某些因素的看法交互作用显著。     

Hopes and cautions in implementing Bayesian structural equation modeling

Muthén and Asparouhov (2012) have proposed and demonstrated an approach to model specification and estimation in structural equation modeling (SEM) using Bayesian methods. Their contribution builds on previous work in this area by (a) focusing on the translation of conventional SEM models into a Bayesian framework wherein parameters fixed at zero in a conventional model can be respecified using small-variance priors and (b) implementing their approach in software that is widely accessible. We recognize potential benefits for applied researchers as discussed by Muthén and Asparouhov, and we also see a tradeoff in that effective use of the proposed approach introduces increased demands in terms of expertise of users to navigate new complexities in model specification, parameter estimation, and evaluation of results. We also raise cautions regarding the issues of model modification and model fit. Although we see significant potential value in the use of Bayesian SEM, we also believe that effective use will require an awareness of these complexities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).     

初一学生数学学习的学科领域知识表征特点

学科领域知识由学理内容知识、认知过程知识和问题条件知识组成。本研究以529名七年级学生为被试,测查学生在数学学习中的学科领域知识表征特点,结果发现:(1)三种类型知识表征存在显著差异,学理内容知识表征水平最高,问题条件知识表征水平最低;(2)学优生的学科领域知识表征水平显著高于中等生和学困生;(3)认知过程知识表征、问题条件知识表征水平与数学学业成绩显著相关;(4)学生对学理内容知识重要性评价最高,问题条件知识最低。