项目反应理论新进展：基于3PLM和GRM的混合模型

IRT中的计量模型较多,不同计量模型适合不同特点的数据资料,实际工作者应根据实际情况选择适当的IRT模型来分析数据。我国是个考试、测评大国,测评的题型丰富多样,在实际应用IRT时,一个模型往往很难反应所有数据资料本身的特点,这时可考虑应用多个IRT模型（即“混合模型”）来分析,以达到对数据的最佳拟合。本文对混合模型的思想方法及原理、参数估计的实现、以及模型性能进行了研究,发现：（1）本文自主开发的混合模型参数估计程序Mix_Tu具有较高的返真性,且与国际知名测量软件Parscale相当。（2）在“项目异常”情况下,Mix_Tu程序对参数b和c的估计受数据异常程度的影响要大于Parscale程序,而对参数a的估计受数据异常程度的影响要小于Parscale程序,而在参数theta上两个程序相当。（3）在“被试异常”情况下,Mix_Tu程序对所有参数的估计受数据异常程度的影响均要小于Parscale程序,Mix_Tu程序表现的更为稳健。     

积极情绪与身心健康关系研究的进展

积极情绪与身体健康、心理健康和社会适应有密切的关系。首先,积极情绪不仅能够降低传染性疾病的感染风险,能够影响非传染性疾病病情、病程及死亡率。其次,积极情绪能够降低个体的心理易感性,使个体更好的应对负性或压力事件。最后,现有的研究表明积极情绪和社会交往存在相互促进的关系。现存的直接效应模型和压力缓冲模型解释了积极情绪直接和间接促进健康的机制。未来的研究还需在研究方法和模型完善等方面进一步改进。     

Structure and measurement of depression in youths: applying item response theory to clinical data

Our goals in this article were to use item response theory (IRT) to assess the relation of depressive symptoms to the underlying dimension of depression and to demonstrate how IRT-based measurement strategies can yield more reliable data about depression severity than conventional symptom counts. Participants were 3,403 children and adolescents from 12 contributing clinical and nonclinical samples; all participants had received the Kiddie Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Aged Children. Results revealed that some symptoms reflected higher levels of depression and were more discriminating than others. Furthermore, use of IRT-based information about symptom severity and discriminability in the measurement of depression severity was shown to reduce measurement error and increase measurement fidelity.     

Differential item functioning of the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale in the US and China: Measurement bias matters

Using an item‐response theory‐based approach (i.e. likelihood ratio test with an iterative procedure), we examined the equivalence of the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (RSES) in a sample of US and Chinese college students. Results from the differential item functioning (DIF) analysis showed that the RSES was not fully equivalent at the item level, as well as at the scale level. The two cultural groups did not use the scale comparably, with the US students showing more extreme responses than the Chinese students. Moreover, we evaluated the practical impact of DIF and found that cultural differences in average self‐esteem scores disappeared after the DIF was taken into account. In the present study, we discuss the implications of our findings for cross‐cultural research and provide suggestions for future studies using the RSES in China.     

学科领域知识丰富性对中学代数问题表征层次的影响

研究学科领域知识丰富性不同的学生在问题表征过程中信息表征层次的特点。采用“学习-再认”范式,以5类等式为材料,62名初二学生参与实验。结果：两组被试对表面和原理特征一致的等式产生明显的错误再认;对表面特征不一致等式的错误率明显减少。无论原理特征是否一致,两组对表面特征一致等式的反应时无显著差别,但在正确率上丰富组的更高。说明,两组均以有序的系列加工方式编码信息,优先编码表面特征。贫乏组对原理特征的编码干扰表面特征的加工,因而原理特征被丢弃。丰富组加工表面特征则无干扰现象出现,两种特征均能作为再认线索。     

杜光庭赐紫时间考辨

杜光庭是唐末五代著名的"道门领袖",也是当时重要的文学家。学界一般认为杜光庭被僖宗召见赐紫的时间在僖宗即位之初,本文认为此说不准确。杜光庭被召见赐紫当在僖宗入蜀之初,即中和元年(881)。875年,杜光庭因访道求经而离开天台,先后漫游浙江开化、武夷山、江西崇仁县的沸湖山等地,最后来到蜀中。876年后,杜光庭以成都为中心,漫游蜀中及周边地区。881年,唐僖宗逃奔成都,在成都召见杜光庭并赐紫。     

SEM of another flavour: Two new applications of the supplemented EM algorithm

The supplemented EM (SEM) algorithm is applied to address two goodness‐of‐fit testing problems in psychometrics. The first problem involves computing the information matrix for item parameters in item response theory models. This matrix is important for limited‐information goodness‐of‐fit testing and it is also used to compute standard errors for the item parameter estimates. For the second problem, it is shown that the SEM algorithm provides a convenient computational procedure that leads to an asymptotically chi‐squared goodness‐of‐fit statistic for the ‘two‐stage EM’ procedure of fitting covariance structure models in the presence of missing data. Both simulated and real data are used to illustrate the proposed procedures.     

论抗震救灾伟大精神

在同特大地震灾害的艰苦搏斗中,我们的民族和人民展示出了十分崇高的精神.这就是万众一心、众志成城,不畏艰险、百折不挠,以人为本、尊重科学的伟大抗震救灾精神.中国特色社会主义的制度、改革开放30年经济的持续发展、优秀革命道德传统是抗震救灾伟大精神的政治、经济和伦理基础.以中华民族精神和社会主义道德为基本内涵的抗震救灾伟大精神,是民族文化最本质、最集中的体现.以公仆精神集中体现的行政伦理精神在抗震救灾中得以弘扬.成为抗震救灾伟大精神的重要组成部分.     

Reversible disconnection of the hippocampal-prelimbic cortical circuit impairs spatial learning but not passive avoidance learning in rats

Wistar rats, treated with the GABA(A) receptor agonist muscimol, were used to investigate the role of the hippocampal-prelimbic cortical (Hip-PLC) circuit in spatial learning in the Morris water maze task, and in passive avoidance learning in the step-through task. In the water maze task, animals were trained for three consecutive days and tested 24 h after the end of training. In the step-through task, the animals were trained once and tested 24h after training. On the training days, daily infusion of muscimol (0.5 microg/0.25 microl) was given (1) bilaterally to the ventral hippocampus (vHip), (2) bilaterally to the prelimbic cortex (PLC), (3) to the unilateral vHip and the ipsilateral PLC, or (4) for disconnecting the Hip-PLC circuit, to both the unilateral vHip and the contralateral PLC 30 min before training. The results showed that inhibition of the vHip resulted in disruption of performance in both tasks. Inhibition of the PLC produced impaired water maze performance, but had no effect on the step-through task. Disconnection of the Hip-PLC circuit produced similar effects to PLC inhibition. However, simultaneous inhibition of the unilateral vHip and the ipsilateral PLC had little effect on performance of the water maze task. The results suggested that spatial learning depends on the Hip-PLC circuit, whereas passive avoidance learning is independent of this circuit.