马克思的“个体”和“共同体”概念

个体与共同体的概念在马克思哲学和历史理论中占有重要的地位。"人格个体"(das persoenliche Individuum)与作为这种个体联合的"真正共同体"(wirkliche Gemeinschaft),构成马克思所追求的理想社会的密不可分、互为前提的两端。马克思对个体与共同体及其相互关系的认识和重建,集中反     

Alerting and orienting of attention without visual awareness

Two types of the attentional network, alerting and orienting, help organisms respond to environmental events for survival in the temporal and spatial dimensions, respectively. Here, we applied chromatic flicker beyond the critical fusion frequency to address whether awareness was necessary for activation of the two attentional networks. We found that high-frequency chromatic flicker, despite its failure to reach awareness, produced the alerting and orienting effects, supporting the dissociation between attention and awareness. Furthermore, as the flicker frequency increased, the orienting effect attenuated whereas the alerting effect remained unchanged. According to the systematic decline in temporal frequency sensitivity across the visual hierarchy, this finding suggests that unconscious alerting might be associated with activity in earlier visual areas than unconscious orienting. Since high-frequency flicker has been demonstrated to only activate early visual cortex, we suppose that neural activation in early visual areas might be sufficient to activate the two attentional networks.     

GSK-3β activity in the hippocampus is required for memory retrieval

Several molecules were recently found to be important for the memory retrieval process in the hippocampus; however, the mechanisms underlying the memory retrieval remain poorly understood. GSK-3β has been implicated in the control of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Here, we investigated the relationship between hippocampal GSK-3β activity and memory retrieval using behavioral and Western blotting methods. We found that GSK-3β was activated in the hippocampus after a retention session in the passive avoidance task. An intrahippocampal injection of the GSK-3β inhibitor, SB 216763, before the retention session blocked memory retrieval (but not reconsolidation) without affecting locomotor activity. These results suggest that GSK-3β activation would be essential for memory retrieval in the hippocampus.     

“中国现代性”的追寻——对当代中国哲学发展主线的一种描述

The process of Chinese modernization is essentially the pursuit and the construction of Chinese modernity. This process has been the focus of modern and contemporary Chinese philosophy. It is embodied in the cultural and philosophical developments both during the period of Chinese Democratic Revolution and after the foundation of the People's Republic of China. It is especially the case during the Reform and Openness era. In the currently prevalent model of modernity,there are deep internal contradictions a...     

受顺序影响的证真偏向:来自四卡问题新范式的证据

通过对经典四卡问题呈现方式的改进,逐一呈现与命题对应的检验证据,要求被试判断每一证据在命题检验中的作用。结果表明:(1)"证真偏向"依然存在,但从正确率来看,顺证真与顺证伪没有显著差异;(2)发现了显著的顺序效应,与逆向检验相比,顺向检验有更高的正确率与更短的反应时;(3)被试加工与命题"无关联"刺激时存在明显困难,其正确率显著较低。这些结果说明个体在判断不同证据对命题检验的作用时会受到命题内在方向性的影响,个体可能会采用一些固有推理图式以及简单的匹配策略解决问题。     

召陵之盟及其历史意义

“召陵之盟”是先秦史上的大事件，尤其是春秋时期齐、楚关系史上的大事件。它是管仲和齐桓公精心谋划且费尽心机的成功会盟，反映了管仲和齐桓公的政治气度、远见、才能和成就，具有巨大而深远的历史意义。它确立了当时齐国的天下霸主地位，实现了楚人“观中国之政”的宿愿，避免了一场社会大战乱，还树立了天下霸主的典范，从而使得中国南北政治、经济和文化在春秋时期日益密切地联系在一起，并且因对春秋霸主及争霸的诸侯有着示范作用而影响了春秋历史的发展。     

巴哈伊教:作为当代宗教的独特教义

本文分九部分介绍了巴哈伊教的教义。第一部分是该教的上帝独一论。第二部分是先知连续显现论。第三部分是人类一体论。第四部分是宗教同源论。第五部分是天堂地狱论。第六部分是宗教与科学论。第七是社会财富论。第八是对宗教仪式的态度。本文认为,巴哈伊独特的宗教观说明,只有消除宗教偏见,坚持团结统一,完成宗教的现代转换,才能使宗教保持活力,并有益于全球社会的的发展。巴哈伊的历史可以作为一借鉴,这是我们在研究中应特别注意到的地方。