英语阅读问题解决的认知诊断

本研究尝试将认知诊断技术应用于中学生英语阅读问题解决(ERPS),以实现对中学生英语阅读问题解决的认知诊断,探讨中学生英语阅读问题解决的认知发展特点及其所存在的问题,为中学生的相关认知发展和知识获取服务。研究发现:(1)基于文本表征和反应决策两个加工过程中的七个认知属性是影响中学生ERPS的主要认知成分(R2=0.792);(2)中学生对于文本表征加工过程所涉及的属性的掌握情况优于反应决策加工过程所涉及的属性,学生所面临的主要困主要难于在反应决策加工阶段;(3)对不同属性掌握情况上存在显著的学校类型差异。(4)学生认知掌握状态的类型主要集中在15种(占73%),最多的三种为(1111011)、(1111110)和(1111101)(占34%)。总体来说,学生的属性掌握还是比较好的。相对地,对推理、信息匹配和正确选项的加工水平三个属性掌握较差,应引起重视。     

Associations of Health-Related Quality of Life with Healthcare Utilization Status in Veterans

Evidence indicates that veterans using VA healthcare services have poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Little is known, however, about differences in HRQOL among those who only use VA services and those who also use non-VA services. We sought to evaluate differences in HRQOL among veterans who use: (1) only non-VA services (2) only VA services and (3) both VA and non-VA services (i.e., dual users). A cross-sectional study of 39,942 US veterans who completed the CDC’s 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey was analyzed. Self-rated measures of global health status and the number of days per month that veterans were limited by physical or mental problems were extracted from BRFSS survey data as outcomes. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that, compared to those receiving all healthcare outside of VA, veterans receiving VA care were more likely to report poorer health outcomes, including worse global health status, greater impairments in physical functioning, and increased limitations regarding routine activities (p’s ≤ .05). Both exclusive and dual users of VA services reported poorer HRQOL than individuals not using VA services. More research is needed regarding veterans’ health status, particularly in the context of dual use.     

Alerting and orienting of attention without visual awareness

Two types of the attentional network, alerting and orienting, help organisms respond to environmental events for survival in the temporal and spatial dimensions, respectively. Here, we applied chromatic flicker beyond the critical fusion frequency to address whether awareness was necessary for activation of the two attentional networks. We found that high-frequency chromatic flicker, despite its failure to reach awareness, produced the alerting and orienting effects, supporting the dissociation between attention and awareness. Furthermore, as the flicker frequency increased, the orienting effect attenuated whereas the alerting effect remained unchanged. According to the systematic decline in temporal frequency sensitivity across the visual hierarchy, this finding suggests that unconscious alerting might be associated with activity in earlier visual areas than unconscious orienting. Since high-frequency flicker has been demonstrated to only activate early visual cortex, we suppose that neural activation in early visual areas might be sufficient to activate the two attentional networks.     

GSK-3β activity in the hippocampus is required for memory retrieval

Several molecules were recently found to be important for the memory retrieval process in the hippocampus; however, the mechanisms underlying the memory retrieval remain poorly understood. GSK-3β has been implicated in the control of synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Here, we investigated the relationship between hippocampal GSK-3β activity and memory retrieval using behavioral and Western blotting methods. We found that GSK-3β was activated in the hippocampus after a retention session in the passive avoidance task. An intrahippocampal injection of the GSK-3β inhibitor, SB 216763, before the retention session blocked memory retrieval (but not reconsolidation) without affecting locomotor activity. These results suggest that GSK-3β activation would be essential for memory retrieval in the hippocampus.     

数学学习困难初中生的记忆广度特点

记忆广度包括短时记忆广度和工作记忆广度,为揭示数学学习困难学生认知缺损特点,筛选103名初中生（平均年龄12.57岁）,比较数学困难学生（49名）与数学优秀学生（54名）的记忆广度差异,通过词语系列任务、阅读广度任务以及倒背数字任务,分别测查了短时记忆、言语工作记忆以及数字工作记忆。结果发现,数困组与优秀组的学生在词语系列任务中没有显著差异（t＝-1.59, p>.05）,在阅读广度任务中,具有显著差异（t＝-2.38, p<.05）,在倒背数字任务中具有极其显著的差异（t＝-4.69, p<.01）。阅读广度和倒背数字之间具有显著相关(r=.24, p<.05),词语系列任务与阅读广度(r=.19, p>.05)和倒背数字任务(r=.05, p>.05)之间不存在显著相关。研究表明,在具有干扰情况的任务更能有效预测数学成绩,数学学习困难的认知缺损主要是对抗干扰的能力不足,而非简单的短时记忆广度。     

“中国现代性”的追寻——对当代中国哲学发展主线的一种描述

The process of Chinese modernization is essentially the pursuit and the construction of Chinese modernity. This process has been the focus of modern and contemporary Chinese philosophy. It is embodied in the cultural and philosophical developments both during the period of Chinese Democratic Revolution and after the foundation of the People's Republic of China. It is especially the case during the Reform and Openness era. In the currently prevalent model of modernity,there are deep internal contradictions a...     

召陵之盟及其历史意义

“召陵之盟”是先秦史上的大事件，尤其是春秋时期齐、楚关系史上的大事件。它是管仲和齐桓公精心谋划且费尽心机的成功会盟，反映了管仲和齐桓公的政治气度、远见、才能和成就，具有巨大而深远的历史意义。它确立了当时齐国的天下霸主地位，实现了楚人“观中国之政”的宿愿，避免了一场社会大战乱，还树立了天下霸主的典范，从而使得中国南北政治、经济和文化在春秋时期日益密切地联系在一起，并且因对春秋霸主及争霸的诸侯有着示范作用而影响了春秋历史的发展。     

佛教文化化解中年知识分子心理压力情况的调查与分析

我国正在经历着一场深刻的社会转型,中年知识分子承受着严重的心理压力,佛教文化对缓解这种压力发挥了积极的作用.本文就中年知识分子利用佛教文化化解心理压力的现状、机制和前景做一点探讨.