Body image perceptions among Chinese children and adolescents

In order to investigate the body image self-perception and the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among Chinese children and adolescents, 9100 children aged 3-15 years living in four cities completed a questionnaire assessing body image self-percepts and ideals by figural stimuli. The results indicate that (1) children's body ratings started to be significantly related to their BMIs at age 5 and correlations increased with age; (2) a wide range of current body sizes was chosen by Chinese boys and girls; (3) the ideal body sizes of boys and girls selected by boys and girls, respectively, were "boys by boys">"boys by girls">"girls by boys">"girls by girls" and (4) the satisfaction, mild dissatisfaction, and moderate dissatisfaction rates were 40.1%, 36.4% and 23.5%, respectively. Differences as a function of gender and age were identified. It was concluded that the prevalence of body dissatisfaction among children and adolescents of urban China was striking, and that the Chinese boys were not immune to body dissatisfaction.     

研究生心理压力特点的调查研究

目的研究研究生心理压力的特点。方法采用自编的研究生压力量表对1067名研究生分三个阶段进行调查。结果（1）研究生压力问卷具有良好的内容效度和预测能力,内部一致性和测量稳定性较理想。（2）研一、研二和研三的学生在学业压力上具有显著性差异。（3）男女研究生、来源于农村和城市的研究生以及是否工作过的研究生均在经济压力上具有显著性差异。     

东南亚那珈信仰的起源与嬗变——语言民族学视角的分析

东南亚那珈信仰主要见于泰、老、柬、缅四国,是印度河城市文明传播时期,中南半岛与古印度两地蛇崇拜文化交流的结果.在后继的印度宗教文明的冲击下,东南亚那珈信仰发生嬗变,在婆罗门教占统治地位时,得到较大程度的保留;当南传佛教取得正统地位后,那珈信仰大大退化但没有消失.     

上下意象图式向抽象概念映射的心理现实性研究

通过考察上下意象图式隐喻的映射机制和形成机制,验证其向抽象概念的映射具有心理现实性.实验一中,学龄期儿童阅读与图式一致材料反应时,较阅读与图式不一致材料反应时短,说明上下意象图式存在于概念水平,并在即时阅读中被激活.实验二中,学龄前幼儿表现出物品摆放的上下方位偏好差异,表明幼儿在概念形成过程中,抽象概念与空间上下方位存在体验性联结.研究证明:部分抽象概念表征具有上下方位线索,人们借助上下意象图式建构抽象概念.     

论智力对专长获得的非决定性

个体获得某领域杰出能力(专长)并非由其智力简单决定.一方面,智力测验无法预测个体未来成就以及"SOC、智力、专长三角关系理论"的提出,似乎表明智力与专长获得无关;另一方面,"特质联合体中介理论"和"模块能力与综合能力中介理论"则说明智力与专长间存在复杂中介机制.专长的获得是多种因素综合作用的结果,在个体一生发展的历程中,智力对专长获得并不具有显著的决定性.     

老年人社会支持、孤独感与主观幸福感的关系

选取天津市379名老年人,采用"纽芬兰纪念大学幸福感量表"、"社会支持最表"和"情绪一社会孤独问卷"进行调查,以探讨老年人社会支持、孤独感与主观幸福感的关系.结果表明,不同工作状况的老年人在社会支持、孤独感及主观幸福感上均呈显著差异;不同社会支持水平老年人的孤独感、主观幸福感具有显著差异;老年人社会支持,孤独感与主观幸福感各维度间相关显著.     

Building up resources in the relationship between work–family conflict and burnout among firefighters: moderators of guanxi and emotion regulation strategies

This study investigated the moderating effects of supervisor–subordinate “guanxi” alongside relevant emotional regulation strategies, including cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, undertaken by 402 firefighters experiencing burnout caused by work–family conflict, as revealed through the application and analysis of the job demands–resources model. According to the regression model for the moderating effects, high levels of supervisor–subordinate guanxi may improve the relationship between work–family conflict and burnout, while frequent suppression of expressivity may enhance this relationship. Moreover, when supervisor–subordinate guanxi is high, cognitive reappraisal may effectively mitigate the relationship between work–family conflict and burnout. To this end, both guanxi and cognitive reappraisal are crucial for supporting emotional regulation in the workplaces of ethnic Chinese societies.     

同伴互动类型对三年级小学生写作水平的影响

研究通过对比同伴辅导、合作、协作等三种同伴互动写作方式与个体化写作教学干预前后,三年级学生独立写作水平的变化,了解同伴互动类型对初学者写作水平的影响.结果发现,和个体化写作相比,三种同伴互动写作方式均更有利于整体写作水平和"结构"维度写作水平的提高;但合作写作最为突出,不仅在各个维度都优于个体化写作,而且在"选材"维度上还优,于同伴辅导写作和协作写作.这说明,社会性互动有利于初学者写作水平的提高,且主要表现为提升记叙文的结构完整性和层次清楚性;但只有兼顾"个人责任"和"高平等性、相互性",社会性互动对写作的促进作用才能更加充分地发挥.     

Upregulation of hippocampal TrkB and synaptotagmin is involved in treadmill exercise-enhanced aversive memory in mice

Cognitive functions usually involve various synaptic proteins and neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus. However, whether treadmill exercise can improve learning and memory by upregulating some of these molecules remain unraveled. To address this question, male BALB/c mice were divided into control and exercise groups, the latter group went through 4 weeks of treadmill exercise training. At the end of exercise training period, they were either tested for passive avoidance (PA) performance or sacrificed for quantifying the hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB, the BDNF receptor), synaptotagmin (a Ca²⁺-dependent synaptic vesicle protein), and SNAP-25 (a presynaptic vesicular fusion protein). Our results showed that treadmill exercise training (1) increased the retention latency without affecting the fear acquisition in the PA test, (2) transiently increased the hippocampal BDNF level at 1, 2, and 4 h after the completion of exercise training, and (3) persistently increased the hippocampal protein levels of full-length TrkB, phosphorylated TrkB and synaptotagmin, but not truncated TrkB or SNAP-25. Moreover, the protein expression level of full-length TrkB or synaptotagmin was positively correlated with PA performance in mice. Finally, inhibition of TrkB signaling by K252a abolished the exercise-facilitated PA performance and upregulation of TrkB and synaptotagmin. Taken together, these data suggest that the upregulation of TrkB and synaptotagmin in the hippocampus contributes to the exercise-facilitated aversive memory.