短影片启动情绪对注意偏向的影响

研究采用短影片启动情绪的技术,用积极和消极的两种情绪效价词作为认知材料,请大学生做被试,研究被试在不同情绪状态下是否存在注意偏向性.结果表明:(1)通过短影片启动情绪的效果十分显著,说明人们很容易受影片的影响而出现情绪的变化.(2)注意的倾向性总体来说呈现心境一致性效应,与情绪一致的信息更容易被划入人们的认知范围.(3)短影片情绪启动效果不存在性别差异,而注意受情绪影响的程度存在性别差异.     

"情绪智力量表(EIS)"的多元概化理论分析

本文运用多元概化理论对情绪智力量表(EIS)的测量信度进行探讨,得到以下研究结论:(1)EIS的整体测量信度较高,它既可用于常模参照测验,也可用于标准参照测验;在它的四个维度中,感知情绪、自我调控情绪和调控他人情绪维度有较好的测量信度,而运用情绪维度的测量信度稍差,需要改善;(2)EIS在决定各因子的分量比例方面不尽完善;(3)要想提高运用情绪因子的测量信度,除了增加运用情绪分量表的题目数外,还得改进题目的质量.     

类别特征相似性与竞争性的线性变化对特征推理的影响

探讨在双类别情境中,新项目与类别成员的关系对特征推理的影响.共包括两个实验,被试是62名大一年级学生.实验1与实验2分别探讨在有无类别标签的情况下,诊断特征数量的增减对新项目预测特征推理的影响,即探讨类别特征相似性与竞争性的线性变化对特征推理的影响.结果表明:无论有无类别标签,诊断特征数量的增减对新项目预测特征的推理影响是相同的,即相似性与竞争性的线性变化对特征推理的影响是相同的.     

任务难度对焦点转换和焦点内信息激活的影响

设置两种难度的比较任务(倒序数2和数3)和一个探测任务(倒序数1),探讨:(1)排除Voigt等研究中数字启动效应后,任务难度对焦点转换的影响;(2)任务难度对焦点内信息激活的影响.结果表明:(1)ft务难度影响焦点转换代价,即任务越难,焦点转换代价越大;(2)任务难度影响焦点内信息激活水平,即任务越难,激活水平越低.这提示:任务难度对焦点转换的影响是多方面的.     

自我决定理论:一个积极的人格视角

自我决定理论是有关人格和动机的理论。自我决定理论认为人的动机是一个在自主性或自我决定维度上的连续体,三种基本需要和个人的因果定向影响外在动机的内化和自主性动机的形成,人格整合和成长的过程,就是自我决定的过程。自我决定理论在教育、医疗、体育和组织等领域得到了广泛的应用。最后,文章回顾了自我决定理论在中国的研究情况,并对该领域需要进一步研究的问题做了讨论。     

父母教养方式对初中生创造思维的影响:自我概念的中介作用*

采用父母教养方式评价量表、田纳西自我概念量表和托兰斯创造性思维测验(中文版),测量了429名初中生的父母教养方式、自我概念与创造思维,并对其关系进行考察。结果发现:(1)父亲温暖、理解显著正向预测初中生的创造思维,父亲惩罚、严厉显著负向预测初中生的创造思维,母亲教养方式与之呈现出相似的预测模式;(2)自我概念在父亲惩罚、严厉与独创性间起中介作用;(3)在自我概念的三个维度中,只有自我认同在父母温暖、理解/父母惩罚、严厉与创造思维间起中介作用。作者着重探讨了父母惩罚、严厉,自我概念与创造思维的关系以及对父母教养子女的启示。     

成人期个体心理理论的发展、研究范式与神经机制

成人心理理论的发展有助于个体顺利地进行社会互动,更好地适应社会。个体的心理理论能力会随着个体认知能力的发展以及大脑的发育而呈现出不断发展变化的趋势。研究者采取众多研究范式测量了成人心理理论。在进行心理理论加工时,青春期个体更多的激活了内侧前额叶皮层的后部,而青年期个体更多的激活了右颞上沟。根据研究结果,学者们构建了两成分认知模型、共享回路与中线结构整合模型以及心理理论多层次模型来解释成人心理理论能力。在进一步的研究中,成人心理理论的研究还应开发有效的研究范式来逐步揭示心理理论本身发展的特征、心理理论与外界因素如生活环境的关系以及解读互动心理的特征。     

学龄期儿童性心理研究现状及展望

学龄期是个体性心理发展的转折期、关键期。本文在回顾学龄期儿童性心理研究发展脉络的基础上,从国内外学龄期儿童的性心理概念与结构、性心理的发展、研究方法以及性心理健康等几方面概述了该领域现状。该领域研究的进一步发展有赖于学龄期儿童性心理测量工具的改进,影响学龄期儿童性心理健康因素的澄清以及性心理健康教育策略的有效整合。开发出中国情景下的学龄期儿童性心理调查问卷,以期能科学评估他们性心理结构特点和发展应在未来研究中得到重视。     

Meaning in Life Promotes Proactive Coping via Positive Affect: A Daily Diary Study

Previous research on meaning in life and coping has generally been focused on reactive coping strategies and global meaning judgments. To extend this, the present study used a daily diary method to collect longitudinal data, and examined whether individuals’ daily meaning in life predicted use of proactive coping techniques and whether this relationship was mediated by positive affect. Adults (n = 132) completed a diary to track their meaning in life and positive affect every day for 21 consecutive days. Global levels of meaning in life, positive affect, and proactive coping were measured both at baseline and after the daily reporting phase ended. Hierarchical linear modeling demonstrated that daily meaning in life was a positive predictor of daily positive affect. Furthermore, combined latent growth curve and structural equation models indicated that the rate of change in daily meaning in life predicted change in proactive coping over the course of the study, and that this relationship was mediated by change in positive affect. The mediational effect of positive affect in the relationship between meaning in life and proactive coping was also verified by the reported global levels of these variables. These findings suggest that meaning in life may play an important role in coping with future life stress. Our discussion centers on the positive functions of meaning in life and the mechanisms of the predictive relationship of meaning in life in terms of proactive coping.     

Metaphorical mapping between raw–cooked food and strangeness–familiarity in Chinese culture

Previous research has demonstrated metaphorical mappings between physical coldness–warmth and social distance–closeness. Since the concepts of interpersonal warmth are frequently expressed in terms of food-related words in Chinese, the present study sought to explore whether the concept of raw–cooked food could be unconsciously and automatically mapped onto strangeness–familiarity. After rating the nutritive value of raw or cooked foods, participants were presented with morphing movies in which their acquaintances gradually transformed into strangers or strangers gradually morphed into acquaintances, and were asked to stop the movies when the combined images became predominantly target faces. The results demonstrated that unconscious and automatic metaphorical mappings between raw–cooked food and strangeness–familiarity exist. This study provides a foundation for testing whether Chinese people can think about interpersonal familiarity using mental representations of raw–cooked food and supports cognitive metaphor theory from a crosslinguistic perspective.