Children, adolescents, and the internet: a new field of inquiry in developmental psychology

With this special section on children, adolescents, and the Internet, we survey the state of a new field of inquiry in developmental psychology. This field is important because developmentalists need to understand how children and adolescents live in a new, massive, and complex virtual universe, even as they carry on their lives in the real world. We have selected six empirical articles to showcase various aspects of child and adolescent development in this virtual universe. These articles reflect three major themes of this new field: communication on the Internet; cognitive development, academic achievement, and the Internet; and adolescents in a globalized Internet world. These three sections reflect one of our major editorial goals: to sample various relevant aspects of development as they relate to the Internet. The selection of articles reflects a second editorial goal: to sample both the positive and negative aspects of the virtual world in which children and adolescents are increasingly living. Another of our editorial goals was to sample as large an age range as possible. We also utilized a very broad definition of development. Last but not least, we sought out and found methodological diversity.     

The structure of traits delineating personality disorder in a Chinese sample

The present study examined the factorial structure of a Chinese language version of the self-report Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology Questionnaire in 581 adults. Four factors were extracted (Emotional Dysregulation, Dissocial, Inhibition, and Compulsivity) that are similar to the factors extracted in the scales' normative clinical and general population samples from North America (factor comparability coefficients range from .88 to .96), supporting the idea that this trait structure is invariant across diverse populations. The internal consistency of the scales (Cronbach's alpha) was satisfactory across age and gender groups with the exception of the Intimacy Problems scale. Possible explanations for the poor internal consistency of the Intimacy Problems scale, such as cultural differences in social factors influencing marital and romantic relationships in Chinese populations, as opposed to other populations are discussed.     

从面孔模块到马赛克──视觉特异性加工的脑机制

“脑功能的模块性”是视觉乃至整个认知神经科学的研究热点。特异性的面孔加工模块被当作是认知模块假说的最好证据。但综述跨学科的正反两方面实验证据表明,视觉加工存在特异性,并没有普遍的模块式的亚单元,而是“马赛克”镶嵌式的组构。     

中学生不同焦虑水平与认知策略研究

使用测试方式对中学生的焦虑水平和认知策略之间的关系进行了研究。结果发现,在7钟认知策略中能力认识、失败归因、命运控制和社会关系4种认知策略在三个级别的焦虑组之间存在显著差异,焦虑水平高的人倾向于使用否定自身能力、选取失败、悲惨宿命论和消极社会关系认知策略。除成就认识外．其他认知策略不存在性别差异,女性倾向于产生低成就认知。     

Effects of a high salt diet on blood pressure responses to acoustic stimuli in borderline hypertensive rats (BHR)

The borderline hypertensive rat (BHR) responds to environmental and dietary stressors with elevated blood pressure. The first two months of a high salt diet appear to be the time of greatest sensitivity to salt effects on the blood pressure of BHR. The current study was conducted to examine whether exposure to salt diets varying in duration for up to two months differentially affects baseline blood pressures (systolic, SBP, and diastolic, DBP) and blood pressure responses to novel acoustic stimuli in BHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. Male BHR and WKY were fed a control (1%) salt diet or a high (8%) salt diet for 1, 1.5, 2.5, or 8.5 weeks. SBP and DBP responses to an acoustic stimulus (85 dB, 3 kHz) were measured upon completion of the diets at 12 weeks of age. Ten acoustic trials (one stimulus/minute) were presented and blood pressure responses were recorded in 2-second blocks spanning the 10 seconds prior to and following stimulus presentation. BHR had higher resting SBP and DBP than WKY, and 8.5 weeks of 8 percent salt increased SBP markedly in BHR. SBP and DBP labilities in the initial trial were greater in BHR than WKY with high salt diet durations of 2.5 and 8.5 weeks producing greater lability in later trials. Few differences were noted in pressor responses, but BHR had more dramatic depressor responses than WKY in early trials, and BHR pressures had a more dramatic return to baseline. It appears that genetic history and salt diet can affect blood pressure lability and recovery in response to novel stimuli in genetically susceptible animals.     

风险知觉研究的历史回顾与展望

风险知觉是指人对潜伏于环境中的危险的主观评定方式或评定值,以“不确定性”为本质特征。在对心理学领域中关于风险知觉研究的三个历史阶段进行回顾的基础上,介绍了不同时期风险知觉的研究内容和研究方法,指出已往研究在风险值评定和危险源识别等方面存在的问题,从理论、测量、扩展三方面对今后的研究进行了展望。     

不同情绪模式的图片刺激启动效应

探讨了不同情绪模式的图片启动效应。选取大学生被试240名,将其分成4组,一个实验组和一个控制组,实验组组分别施加愉快、悲伤和恐惧情绪刺激,控制组施加中性刺激,然后检测4个组的情绪变化情况。结果发现,通过图片产生的情绪启动效应是明显的,实验组的情绪强度都超过控制组,尤其是愉快情绪和悲伤情绪,与控制组差异显著。研究还发现了情绪启动效果随时间而发生变化的趋势,消极情绪（悲伤情绪和恐惧情绪）随着时间的推移,强度锐减,在3分钟内基本恢复正常;但是,在短时间内（5分钟）,积极情绪（愉快情绪）随着时间的推移而产生了增长的趋势,这种趋势可能是由于人的心理促进作用造成的     

心理学全球化的趋势

全球化心理学或心理学全球化是当代心理学的一个新取向。它产生的基本动力是当今世界全球化浪潮的出现,主流心理学的局限以及本土心理学的兴起,其基本目标是研究全体人类的心理和行为,力图建构起最具统合性的心理学。     

稷下学术精神与当代学术发展

稷下学术精神是我国传统学术文化的宝贵遗产,它蕴涵五个基本元素,即学术与政治的和谐互动、学术批评与学术争鸣、学术开放与学术对话、学术人才与学术自由、学术创新与学术实践.这五个元素在学术发展价值意义上起到的是土壤优质、脊梁挺直、血脉涌动、风貌洒脱、动力强劲的良好作用.我们学术界的一个急不可待的任务,是必须克服目前由于经济大潮给人们带来的浮躁心态和狂妄心理,应该沉静下心思来认真发掘和钻研老祖宗、贤人志士们留下的学术的真精神,扎扎实实地做好学术发展的每一个环节、每一件事情.稷下学术精神对当代中国学术发展的启示和借鉴作用是无论如何也不可忽视的.