Maximizing predictive efficiency for a fixed total testing time

For any fixed total time of testing it is possible, through proper item-and-time allotment, to combine tests into a battery so that the multiple correlation with a pre-assigned criterion will be maximized. By holding constant the ratio of the length in number of items to the time length for each test, a set of general equations has been derived which will yield this maximum value of the multipleR and will enable one to determine, in any given case, the optimal fraction of total testing time that should be devoted to each type of test under consideration. The set of general equations is applied to a two-test-battery problem to obtain the optimal length of each type of test for one hour total testing time. If two other tests had been selected for the two-test sample problem, different subdivisions of the total time would generally occur. The manner in which the results would change when using other tests with different initial reliability, validity, and intercorrelation values is briefly presented. Some general implications of this method of battery development are also discussed.The writer is indebted to Max Woodbury for his assistance and especially to Dr. N. J. F. Van Steenberg and Dr. Anna S. Henriques, who provided valuable guidance and aid in the development of the solution to this problem. This paper is a revision of a thesis submitted in 1939 at the University of Utah in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the master's degree.     

Foucault,Feminism, and Sex Crimes

In 1977 Michel Foucault contemplated the idea of punishing rape only as a crime of violence, while in 1978 he argued that non‐coercive sex between adults and minors should be decriminalized entirely. Feminists have consistently criticized these suggestions by Foucault. This paper argues that these feminist responses have failed to sufficiently understand the theoretical motivations behind Foucault's statements on sex‐crime legislation reform, and will offer a new feminist appraisal of Foucault's suggestions.     

Meaning,Expression, and the Interpretation of Literature

I argue that when we interpret a literary work, we engage with at least two different kinds of meaning, each requiring a distinct mode of interpretation. These kinds of meaning are literary varieties of what Paul Grice called nonnatural and natural meaning. The long‐standing debate that began with Beardsley and Wimsatt's attack on the intentional fallacy is, I argue, really a debate about nonnatural meaning in literature. I contend that natural meaning has been largely neglected in our theorizing about literary interpretation and that this comes at a serious cost, resulting in an inadequate account of what interpretation involves. I argue, first, that by recognizing that literary meaning includes both nonnatural and natural meaning, we are better placed to understand the interpreter's relationship with the author, and, second, that recognition of the distinction between nonnatural and natural meaning advances the established debate about literary meaning, offering support for actual intentionalism. The more inclusive view of literary meaning helps resolve an apparent difficulty raised by Noël Carroll.