Reevaluating the role of the medial prefrontal cortex in delay eyeblink conditioning

It has been proposed that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is not necessary for delay eyeblink conditioning (DEC). Here, we investigated the involvement of the mPFC in DEC with a soft or loud tone as the conditioned stimulus (CS) by using electrolytic lesions or muscimol inactivation of guinea pig mPFC. Interestingly, when a soft tone was used as a CS, electrolytic lesions of the mPFC significantly retarded acquisition of the conditioned response (CR), and muscimol infusions into mPFC distinctly inhibited the acquisition and expression of CR, but had no significant effect on consolidation of well-learned CR. In contrast, both electrolytic lesions and muscimol inactivation of mPFC produced no significant deficits in the CR when a loud tone was used as the CS, or in the unconditioned response (UR) when a soft or loud tone was used as the CS. These results demonstrate that the mPFC is essential for the DEC with the soft tone CS but not for the DEC with the loud tone CS.     

Assessing Measurement Invariance of the Children's Depression Inventory in Chinese and Italian Primary School Student Samples

This study tested the measurement invariance of Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and compared its factorial variance/covariance and latent means among Chinese and Italian children. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis of the original five factors identified by Kovacs revealed that full measurement invariance did not hold. Further analysis showed that 4 of 21 factor loadings, 14 of 26 intercepts, and 12 of 26 item errors were noninvariant. Factor variance and covariance invariant tests revealed significant differences between Chinese and Italian samples. The latent factor mean comparison suggested no significant difference across the two groups. Nevertheless, the finding of partial metric and scalar invariance suggested that observed mean differences on the CDI items cannot be fully explained by the mean differences in the latent factor. These results suggest that researchers and practitioners exercise caution when gauging the size of the true national population differences in depressive symptoms among Italian and Chinese children when assessed via CDI. In addition to providing needed evidence on the use of the CDI in Italian and Chinese children specifically, the methods used in this research can serve more generally as an example for other cross-cultural assessment research to test structural equivalence and measurement invariance of scales and to determine why it is important to do so.     

全科医生糖尿病诊断认知现状

为了解全科医生糖尿病诊断的认知现状,对117名在职全科医生进行糖尿病诊断知识问卷调查.糖尿病诊断认知优秀率2.56％,良好5.13％,一般13.68％,差78.63％.在职全科医生糖尿病诊断认知总体水平很差,现状令人堪忧,应进行系统培训.     

磁共振弥散加权成像对43例直肠癌术前分期的体会

探讨弥散加权成像在直肠癌诊断中的应用价值.回顾完整43例直肠癌病历,应用MRI常规序列T1WI、T2WI及DWI序列扫描盆腔,将磁共振影像结果与外科手术后病理结果进行对照分析.结果显示常规序列及常规序列联合DWI在直肠癌T分期的总准确率分别为72.0％、86.0％.病例分析弥散加权成像结合常规序列,能够对直肠癌T分期做出较准确的判断.     

汉语儿童词语结构意识在阅读理解中的预测作用

以382名小学一、三、五年级学生为被试,进行为期一年的追踪研究,通过分层回归,探索了词语结构意识在儿童阅读理解中作用的发展性变化。结果发现：（1）在控制了性别、瑞文推理、汉字识别、口语词汇以及快速命名和语音意识之后,在三年级T2、五年级和五年级T2发现了词语结构意识对同期阅读理解有独特解释作用,而在一年级、一年级T2和三年级均未发现词语结构意识对同期阅读理解的独特贡献;（2）在控制了性别、瑞文推理、自回归效应以及其他相关变量的作用后,三年级和五年级时的词语结构意识分别对一年后的阅读理解具有独特的预测作用。结果表明,在小学低年级阶段,词语结构意识在阅读理解中的作用还未显现,在小学中高年级阶段,词语结构意识对儿童阅读理解有显著的预测作用。     

观察者对亲组织不道德行为的反应及其反馈效应

亲组织不道德行为(unethical pro-organizational behavior, UPB)是近10年来组织行为研究领域的热点主题。相较于已得到广泛探讨的UPB形成机理研究, 当前关于UPB的影响效应研究还相对有限, 且主要聚焦于领导UPB对员工的影响, 以及自我反馈下UPB对行为者的影响。借鉴并受到对应推论理论(correspondent inference theory)和社会认知理论(social cognitive theory)中有关观点的启发, 构建了一个同事间围绕UPB的社会互动模型。模型指出, 观察者在看到同为员工身份的行为者实施UPB后会对此进行结果预期和动机归因, 继而在观察者正直性的调节下引发相应的心理与行为反应; 进一步地, 行为者在接收到观察者对其UPB的行为反应后会对这些反馈背后的意图进行解读, 进而影响其后续行为变化。最后, 从观察者对UPB的道德判断、与UPB“不道德”属性有关的认知评价、UPB行为者行为变化的过程机理等方面提出理论模型的拓展方向。     

Up or Down? How Culture and Color Affect Judgments

In the Mainland China stock market, an upmarket is represented by the color red, whereas a downmarket is represented by the color green. Elsewhere, including the Chinese Hong Kong stock market, the color representations are the opposite. Three studies were conducted to examine the red‐up–green‐down effect for Mainland Chinese as well as the green‐up–red‐down effect for Hong Kong people. Study 1 showed that Mainland Chinese tended to predict greater economic growth (study 1a) and higher growth in consumption trends (study 1b) when the experimental materials were presented in red than in green, whereas Hong Kong participants exhibited the opposite tendencies. Study 2 found that Mainland Chinese implicitly associated red and green with up and down, respectively; Hong Kong people, however, implicitly associated green and red with up and down, respectively. Study 3 further indicated that Mainland Chinese were more likely to predict good outcomes when scenarios were presented in red, whereas Hong Kong participants were more likely to predict good outcomes when scenarios were presented in green. These findings suggest that culturally specific environment cues could influence human prediction and judgment. Implications for judgment generally are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

成人肱骨髁间髁上骨折的手术治疗体会

观察经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双柱铜板治疗肱骨髁间髁上骨折临床疗效。13例肱骨髁间髁上骨折患者经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双柱钢板治疗,结果13例患者获9个月～14个月的随访,末次随访肱骨髁间髁上及尺骨鹰嘴骨折均获得骨性愈合;2例合并尺神经原发损伤经对症处理及神经营养治疗6个月后症状消失,1例患者出现肘关节周围骨化性肌炎,肘关节屈曲僵硬畸形Mayo肘关节功能评分优8例,良3例,可1例,差1例,优良率达84．6％。因此,在肱骨髁间髁上骨折的手术治疗中尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路对于显露骨折断端固定方便可靠,对于促进骨折愈合,肘关节的早期功能锻炼有良好的临床疗效。     

女性原发性生殖道恶性黑色素瘤20例临床病理分析

探讨女性生殖道恶性黑色素瘤（MM）的临床病理特点、治疗及预后.对20例女性生殖道MM临床资料进行回顾性分析,显示女性生殖道MM占女性生殖道恶性肿瘤的0.53%,20例患者平均年龄（55.2±10.5）岁,绝经者占60%;HMB45、Melen-A、S-100阳性患者分别占92.3%、76.9%、69.2%;随访时间3个月～70个月,随访率70%,随访期间死亡率为42.9%;生存≥1年者100%,生存≥2年者63.6%,生存≥5年者9.1%.故女性生殖道MM发病率低,预后差,HMB45、Melen-A、S-100有助于病理诊断,手术是主要的治疗手段.