腔镜甲状腺手术入路研究进展

内镜应用于临床已经二十余年,内镜新技术的发展和应用,使外科领域发生了翻天覆地的变化,微创腔镜辅助和完全腔镜下甲状腺手术迅速发展,许多外科医师已经成功开展了腔镜下甲状腺癌根治术,并尝试应用达芬奇机器人手术治疗甲状腺癌,取得了很好的效果,但达芬奇手术和腔镜手术的孰优孰劣还需要大样本和随机对照研究,临床上仍有许多亟待解决的问题.     

强迫症患者的注意转换及在线元认知调节

为探索强迫症患者是否同时存在注意转换和在线元认知调节障碍,本研究使用线索性任务转换范式及数字跟踪击键范式并结合ERP数据,对16名强迫症患者的注意转换能力和在线元认知调节能力进行了评价。结果表明,强迫症患者同时存在注意转换及在线元认知调节的缺陷。     

Shape of prismatic dislocation loops in anisotropic α-Fe

Prismatic dislocation loops are the primary manifestation of radiation damage in crystals, and contribute to the phenomenon of radiation embrittlement. This undesirable effect, most serious for materials used in high-dose environments such as next-generation fission and future fusion reactors, results from the strong interaction between gliding dislocations, the carriers of plasticity, with the population of radiation-induced prismatic loops. Ferritic–martensitic steels, the most promising candidate materials for future high-dose applications, are based on iron and are known to become highly elastically-anisotropic at the high temperatures (>500°C) at which they must operate. In this article, we develop a novel modelling approach based on anisotropic elasticity theory to predict the shapes of prismatic loops in anisotropic crystals, paying particular attention to the technologically important case of α-iron. The results are compared with transmission electron microscope observations of the damage structure sustained by ultra-high-purity iron irradiated to a dose of approximately two displacements per atom.     

Personality and life satisfaction in China: The birth order effect under the influence of national policy

Individuals’ development is a multilayered affair. The influence of family relationship on personality, such as  and  focusing on birth order, is subject to influence from other social systems in which the families are situated. The current research examined the relation of birth order to personality and life satisfaction in China, where only children have become the majority because of national policy. Across two studies with both between-family data (N = 1468) and within-family data (N = 171), onlyborns and laterborns surpassed firstborns on openness to experience. In addition, only-child participants were more satisfied with their own lives than were sibling participants, especially laterborns. The results offer new insights into the dynamic relations between ecology and personality.     

学习风格与中美大学生课堂学习行为的关系研究

中美学生存在课堂学习行为差异的现象得到了中外众多教育工作者的关注和讨论.本文作者推测,中美学生在学习风格上存在的结构取向和深度取向的差异,是导致他们表现出不同课堂行为反应的一个原因.本研究采用学习风格量表和课堂学习行为量表对281名中国大学生和206名美国大学生施测.数据分析结果表明,中美学生存在学习风格与课堂学习行为的显著差异;学习风格的结构取向与课堂学习行为呈显著负相关,深度取向与课堂学习行为呈显著正相关;结构取向的学习风格在文化组别与课堂学习行为之间存在部分中介作用,表明结构取向至少能部分地解释中美大学生之间的课堂学习行为差异.     

Professional Ethical Issues and the Development of Professional Ethical Standards in Counseling and Clinical Psychology in China

This article aims to summarize the current ethical issues in the field of clinical and counseling psychology and the process of developing professional ethical standards in China. First, through a review of the history of counseling and psychotherapy in China, general background information is provided. Important ethical issues are then discussed based on the results from several empirical studies. Finally, the process of developing the new edition of the Chinese Psychological Society Code of Ethics for Clinical and Counseling Psychology, the main contents as well as the considerations taken into account in the development of this code are presented.     

共同养育研究及对儿童适应的影响

共同养育有别于个人养育, 在家庭系统中关注多个养育者共同抚养儿童的方式; 研究不同于婚姻关系、亲子关系的共同养育对儿童适应的独特贡献将有助于全面理解儿童在家庭生态系统中的成长过程。目前, 研究者们对共同养育的概念和内涵尚未有一致的界定, 共同养育的测量方法也未成体系。同时大量实证研究表明, 共同养育不仅直接影响儿童适应, 也通过亲子系统和婚姻关系系统间接影响儿童发展。未来的研究应结合中国社会文化背景下的特殊家庭类型如留守儿童家庭、离婚家庭、隔代养育家庭、服刑人员家庭的特点对共同养育的基本理论(如不同类型共同养育内部结构、评估体系等)问题以及对儿童适应影响的工作机制进行深入探讨。     

大学生客观社会经济地位与自尊:主观社会地位的中介作用

本研究探讨了大学生主观社会地位在客观社会经济地位与自尊间所起的作用。采用客观社会经济地位问卷、Rosenberg总体自尊量表、大学生主观社会地位问卷, 对1066名大学本科生进行调查。结果发现:大学生主观社会地位和客观社会经济地位均与自尊呈显著正相关;大学生主观社会地位在客观社会经济地位和自尊之间起显著中介作用(中介效应值为0.34)。     

空气污染的不良效应及理论模型:环境心理学的视角

空气污染的不良效应不仅限于生理健康损害,还涉及认知功能、情绪和行为等多方面的消极影响。针对空气污染不良效应的形成机制,以往研究提出了环境应激模型和社会-环境交互模型,这些理论模型强调空气污染的不良效应不仅涉及污染的直接暴露程度,也取决于个体的身心状况以及他对空气污染的主观评价。基于以往研究的不足,尤其是环境心理学介入空气污染研究的可行性,未来研究可着眼于改进空气污染的心理学研究方法,开展空气污染的环境应激和风险感知研究。     

动物创造创新:最简单的智慧闪光

动物创造力既有重要的生态和进化意义,也为人类创造力的研究提供了借鉴与启发。文章首先概括了近年学者们对动物创造力的定义;其次介绍了动物创造力理论的变化;重点总结了影响动物创造力的内部因素,分别是动物的探索性、新异恐惧、学习能力和坚持性,随后针对动物创造力不同脑区及相关神经递质的研究进行了展开讨论,并对动物创造力未来的研究方向进行了展望。