Relationship between job burnout and personal wellness in mental health professionals

This study aimed to determine the nature of the relationship between job burnout and personal wellness among mental health professionals. The authors performed intercorrelations and multivariate multiple regression analyses to identify the relationship between subscales of job burnout and personal wellness. Results showed that all subscales of job burnout, except for the Negative Work Environment subscale, significantly predicted a large amount of the variance in the collective personal wellness subscales. Implications for mental health professionals’ clinical practice, training, and supervision and limitations and prospects for future studies are discussed.     

Sex and age-related anxiety in a community sample of Norwegian adolescents

The first aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and DSM-related anxiety symptom-clusters among adolescents (13-19 years of age) in middle Norway. A second aim was to examine the developmental trajectories of anxiety symptoms for boys and girls during adolescence. In a cross-sectional study, 1,802 students in junior high schools and high schools in the Mid-Norway Health Region filled out a questionnaire (a response-rate of 77%) including the SCARED self-report form (Birmaher et al., 1997) during one school hour. In line with findings of previous studies, girls reported higher anxiety-levels than did boys. A large gender-specific increase in anxiety in 14-15-year-old girls was also found. Apart from this age-specific effect, the results indicated a general reduction in anxiety during adolescence for all symptom groups except generalized anxiety and school phobia. The high anxiety levels in girls aged 13 to 14 years implicate a need for caution by clinicians because such high anxiety levels may be mistaken for the existence of an anxiety disorder. The rapid increase in anxiety symptoms among girls in early adolescence may reflect a heightened sensitivity in this age group, and may have implications for when to implement secondary prevention programs.     

无意识信息引发的认知控制及其神经机制

对无意识信息引发的认知控制的研究是揭示意识的功能与局限的重要方法和步骤.在无意识认知控制研究中主要采用模式掩蔽和偏对比掩蔽创设无意识条件,使用客观测量方法对意识状态进行测量.作者从无意识抑制控制、无意识冲突控制和无意识错误加工三个方面回顾了近年对无意识认知控制及其神经机制的研究.已有研究从行为和认知神经研究两个方面强有力地证明了无意识认知控制的存在,揭示了其神经机制.这些研究拓展了人们对意识信息广度和深度的认识,也为未来进一步揭示意识的起源等问题奠定了一定的基础.未来的研究可以从无意识认知控制和有意识认知控制的相互转化等方面进行进一步研究.     

工作设计的新视角:员工的工作重塑

工作重塑是从员工角度进行的自下而上的工作再设计方式,突破了从组织角度进行的自上而下的方式,强调员工改变的主动性.工作重塑存在多种类型,如任务重塑、关系重塑和认知重塑,以及个人工作重塑和合作工作重塑等.工作重塑与主动性人格、生涯取向、自主性、人-环境不匹配等因素之间存在密切联系,并对工作满意度、工作意义感、工作投入、工作绩效和组织承诺等具有积极预测作用.未来研究要加强工作重塑的纵向研究,深入探讨工作重塑的影响机制,开展其消极后果的研究,同时国内研究还要考虑到传统文化和集体主义文化对工作重塑的影响.     

自古圣贤皆“寂寞”?——独处及相关研究

独处(solitude)是指个体与外界无互动,或意识上与他人分离,并能够自由选择个人身心活动的状态.与孤独感只能体验到消极情绪不同,独处是一种能够容纳不同情绪体验的开放性客观状态,对个体有积极的建设性意义.目前关于独处的研究方法主要有自我报告法和经验取样法.研究发现随着年龄增长,个体用于独处的时间增加,并对独处的态度更为积极.独处对个体的心理健康、创造力和自我整合等方面均有积极的促进作用.未来的研究应进一步明确独处的构成,考察独处的发展机制、独处的文化差异,而独处的大脑神经机制将是该领域一个比较有价值的研究方向.     

时距加工的记忆负荷效应

为了探索非时间任务短时记忆加工对不同长度时距加工的影响是否一致,本研究采用双任务范式,操纵时距编码阶段的短时记忆加工负荷,以平均复制时距为因变量指标,考察了非时间任务短时记忆加工对1-6秒时距加工的影响。结果发现,1秒、2秒及3秒的平均复制长度不随记忆负荷的大小而变化,4秒、5秒及6秒的平均复制长度随着记忆负荷变大而缩短。这意味着非时间短时记忆对时距加工影响具有选择性。     

The Compatibility of Personality and Social Identity Processes: The Effect of Gender Identity on Neuroticism

In an experimental study (N = 186), we examined the effect of identity (gender versus personal) on participants' self‐rated neuroticism and estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women. Self‐rated neuroticism was measured before and after the identity salience manipulation. Following self‐categorization theory, we predicted that identity salience would affect levels of self‐rated neuroticism and the estimates (perceptions) of mean neuroticism for each sex. From a personality perspective, we expected substantial correlations between pre‐manipulation and post‐manipulation neuroticism scores in both identity conditions. The relation between participants' self‐rated neuroticism and their estimates of mean neuroticism for their own sex was also examined. The effect of identity salience was unclear with regard to self‐rated neuroticism levels, whereas the manipulation had apparent effects on estimated mean neuroticism levels for men and women. Also, self‐rated neuroticism was found to predict estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women in the gender, but not personal, identity condition. Finally, in line with a personality perspective, the relative positions in self‐rated neuroticism were highly stable in both conditions. The findings indicate a compatibility of self‐categorization theory and personality perspectives and suggest that both are valuable to understand the changeability and stability of the self. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

由“中医存废之争”看科学争论的社会意义

作为科学争论的一种体现形式,中国近代以来产生的数次“中医废存之争”,为人们理解现代科学的社会影响,提供了重要的认识视角.从科学社会学视角对“中医废存之争”进行剖析,论述这种科学争论的历史演变、社会形态以及文化意义,从一个侧面揭示了科学争论的社会意义与价值.     

高镜朗:中国儿科泰斗

以档案资料和历史文献为基础,记述中国儿科大家高镜朗的医学人生,并通过梳理和总结他的学术成长经历,展现其行医济世、以医强国的人生追求与抱负,进而从临床治疗、科学研究、人才培养和学科建设等四个方面,阐述他为新中国儿科医学事业的创设和发展做出的巨大贡献.     

证的量化的必要性、主要困难及可行性

证不仅是一个重要概念,还联系着理论与实践.探索量化证的现代方法,寻找可行方式.虽然复杂性使证难以量化,但现阶段根据中医理论,将几种统计方式联合应用是一种理想途径,这将会为中医发展带来新的思维和实践方式,亦阐明证的量化的哲学规律.证的量化虽是困难的,但却是必要的和可行的.