Problem Variables that Promote Incubation Effects

Three studies sought to determine whether incubation effects could be reliably generated in a problem‐solving task. Experimental variables manipulated were the duration of the interval between two problem‐solving opportunities and the activity performed by the problem solvers during the interval. A multi‐solution anagram task was used which required problem solvers to generate five‐letter words from the letters in a ten‐letter “starter” word until they could produce no more words. After a break (the incubation period) the problem solvers returned to the anagram task anew. Some participants also engaged in an activity related to the anagram task during the break which was expected to prime potential solutions that would emerge during the second problem‐solving attempt. In all conditions problem solvers were able to generate new responses after the break, thus demonstrating a reliable incubation effect. The optimal incubation period was between 15 and 30 min long. The priming task increased the number of solutions to the anagram task on the second attempt, suggesting that exposure to solution ideas during the incubation period may facilitate an incubation effect during problem solving.     

WHY WOMEN MUST GUARD AND RULE IN PLATO'S KALLIPOLIS

Abstract:  Plato's discussion of women in the Republic is problematic. For one, arguments in Book V which purport to establish that women should guard and rule alongside men do not deliver the advertised conclusion. In addition, Plato asserts that women are "weaker in all pursuits" than men. Given this assumption, having women guard and rule seems inimical to the health, security, and goodness of the kallipolis . I argue that we best understand the inclusion of women by seeing how women's inclusion contributes to the civic unity of the kallipolis . I further argue that Plato's Laws reveals that (a) women will become more virtuous by doing similar jobs to men; and (b) women will be given lesser responsibilities than men in any polis approximating justice.     

DUNS SCOTUS: HIS HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY SIGNIFICANCE

This essay offers an attempt to explore the relation of Duns Scotus’ philosophy to modernity and post‐modernity. The latter seems but an advanced version of the former, in which the inseparability of univocity, representation and flattened causal interaction along a single plane becomes more fully realised. One might also contend that according to a post‐Scotist perspective, there is no “modern” phase at all, and so also no “pre‐modern” to which one might nostalgically appeal. Instead, there is a certain middle ages which has never ceased to be dominant. Where, in the midst of all these epochs, which turn out not to be epochs at all, is one to look?