追随者主动工作行为的上行影响：内隐追随视角

主动工作行为, 作为推动组织与时俱进、健康发展的重要保障, 已成为组织行为研究领域的热点主题。然而, 以往研究在探索追随者主动工作行为的上行影响时, 却出现了悖论: 一些研究发现主动工作行为能激发领导者的积极评价, 另一些研究却指出主动工作行为会招致领导者的负面对待。为解释此矛盾现象, 基于内隐追随理论建构了一个主动工作行为的上行影响模型。该理论模型指出, 领导者的内隐追随信念决定了追随者主动工作行为究竟引发领导者的何种反应。先介绍领导者主动型内隐追随的概念与测量, 然后论证追随者主动工作行为与领导者主动型内隐追随的契合程度对领导者的影响, 在此基础上提出领导者核心情绪(高兴、紧张、沮丧与满足)的中介作用。文章为后续主动工作行为实证研究提供了一个理论分析框架。     

共情可控?以自上而下视角考察共情的可调节性

以往研究表明共情的特点包括自动化与情境依赖性。但是, 有关共情的理论模型与潜在神经机制仍存有争议。为更好地适应现实需求, 研究重点从共情的结构和功能角度逐渐向塑造和调节共情发展。近年来, 有研究者提出自上而下的心理过程与共情调节有关, 特别是共情的目标表征形式, 以及目标的价值权衡。因此, 考虑到共情的目标导向性对于共情的内部构建与外部表现形式的影响, 建议未来研究考虑从自上而下视角考察共情的可调节性。     

Quality of Life and Depression in the General Korean Population: Normative Data and Associations of the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) and the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (MQOL) with Depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) and Socioeconomic Status

Applied Research in Quality of Life - This study aimed to present normative data of Quality of life (QoL) and to evaluate the relationship between sociodemographic factors, multidimensional QoL and...     

Academic adjustment across middle school: the role of public regard and parenting

In the current longitudinal study, we examined associations between Black and Latino youths' perceptions of the public's opinion of their racial/ethnic group (i.e., public regard) and changes in academic adjustment outcomes across middle school. We also tested combinations of racial/ethnic socialization and parent involvement in academic activities as moderators of this association. We used a 2nd-order latent trajectory model to test changes in academic adjustment outcomes in a sample of 345 Black and Latino urban youth across 6th, 7th, and 8th grades (51% female). Results revealed a significant average linear decline in academic adjustment from 6th to 8th grade, as well as significant variation around this decline. We found that parenting moderated the association between public regard and the latent trajectory of academic adjustment. Specifically, for youth who reported high racial/ethnic socialization and low parent academic involvement, lower public regard predicted lower academic adjustment in 6th grade. For youth who reported both low racial/ethnic socialization and low parent academic involvement, lower public regard predicted a steeper decline in academic adjustment over time. Finally, among youth who reported high racial/ethnic socialization and high parent academic involvement, public regard was not associated with either the intercept or the slope of academic adjustment. Thus, the combination of high racial/ethnic socialization and parent academic involvement may protect youths' academic motivation and performance from the negative effects of believing the public has low opinions of one's racial/ethnic group. Implications for protecting Black and Latino youths' academic outcomes from decline during middle school are discussed.     

Cultural differences in the development of cognitive shifting: East-West comparison

Prior research has documented that Japanese children's performance on the Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task can be influenced by their observation of another person completing the task, which is referred to as social transmission of disinhibition. The current study explored whether Canadian children would also show a social transmission of disinhibition and whether their performance would be comparable to that of Japanese children. In this study, 3- and 4-year-olds in Canada and Japan were given both the standard version and social version of the DCCS. Results indicated that Canadian children displayed the social transmission of disinhibition, but their effects were significantly weaker than those with Japanese children. On the other hand, performance on the standard DCCS was comparable between children in the two countries. We discuss the results in terms of cultural differences in the relationship between self and other.     

Brief daily exposures to Asian females reverses perceptual narrowing for Asian faces in Caucasian infants

Perceptual narrowing in the visual, auditory, and multisensory domains has its developmental origins during infancy. The current study shows that experimentally induced experience can reverse the effects of perceptual narrowing on infants' visual recognition memory of other-race faces. Caucasian 8- to 10-month-olds who could not discriminate between novel and familiarized Asian faces at the beginning of testing were given brief daily experience with Asian female faces in the experimental condition and Caucasian female faces in the control condition. At the end of 3 weeks, only infants who received daily experience with Asian females showed above-chance recognition of novel Asian female and male faces. Furthermore, infants in the experimental condition showed greater efficiency in learning novel Asian females compared with infants in the control condition. Thus, visual experience with a novel stimulus category can reverse the effects of perceptual narrowing during infancy via improved stimulus recognition and encoding.     

运用CTA探讨左冠脉分支夹角与左冠脉斑块形成的潜在关系

运用CTA探讨左冠脉分支夹角与左冠脉斑块间的潜在关系.30例患者采用320层CT行CTA诊断冠状动脉疾病,测量左冠脉分支角并观察左冠脉斑块的特点及分布情况.22例左冠脉分支内有斑块,8例无斑块.左冠脉有斑块的左前降支-左旋支(LAD-LCX)夹角平均值89.10±13.10,左冠脉无斑块者夹角平均值75.50士19.80,二者比较有统计学差异(P=0.02).斑块累及左前降支21例(占95.5％),累及左旋支8例(占36.4％),同时受累左前降支和左旋支7例(占31.8％).分支角＞900的患者占14例(占63.6％),均有LAD受累,LAD和LCX同时受累7例(占50％).左冠脉斑块集中分布在分支夹角较大的冠脉分支内,特别是钙化斑块,多层CTA可有效显示左冠脉的斑块特点及分布.     

妊娠期睡眠障碍研究进展

妊娠期睡眠障碍指在妊娠期发生的睡眠形态和行为的紊乱,它已经成为影响孕妇生理、心理等问题的重要危险因素.本文主要从妊娠期睡眠障碍的概念、发生率、引起妊娠期睡眠障碍的原因、睡眠障碍对母亲、胎儿和妊娠结局的影响及睡眠障碍的干预措施等几个方面进行了综述.     

Does Multitasking Impair Studying? Depends on Timing

It is often said that contemporary students frequently study while ‘multitasking’. However, this rather diffuse term encompasses situations that vary as to the whether the learner controls the pace at which educational materials are provided. On the basis of prior cognitive research, we hypothesize that this may well be a critical determinant of interference. Three studies required students to read or listen to several short historical narratives and also to engage in five to eight very short conversations (akin to an instant messaging conversation). In Experiment 1, subjects read the narratives; here, multitasking marginally increased total time spent reading the narratives, especially when it occurred at random times. However, final memory for the narratives was not significantly affected. Similar results were obtained when the narratives were presented in audio format and the learner could pause them while conversing (Experiment 2). By contrast, when audio narratives did not pause, interruptions reduced comprehension performance (Experiment 3). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of the restored work-hardening rate on ductility studied by X-ray computed tomography

Abstract

Void growth and coalescence in a model material containing an artificial three-dimensional void array (the estimated local void volume fraction was 1.1%) were investigated by X-ray computed tomography (=XCT). The initially tapered cylindrical voids became elongated along the principal straining direction by some amount of tensile plastic deformation, and then the work-hardening capacity in the intervoid matrix was restored by an intermediate annealing. The annealed model material was pulled in tension all the way up to fracture to see if the existing void coalescence models can predict the void coalescence strain.