弗洛伊德论上帝的形成（二）

上帝是西方宗教信仰体系中一个核心的概念,它是宗教信仰者将他们不能理性解释的各种恐怖力量人格化之后所形成的崇拜对象,同时信仰者也通过祈祷、牺牲、读经、参拜等各种宗教仪式来表达他们与上帝的联系。那么,在弗洛伊德的精神分析学说中这个上帝又是怎样形成的呢?弗洛伊德认为所谓上帝就是人类在原始状态中对父亲形象的一种扭曲的记忆和病态反应。他的这个结论来源于他对人类原始社会关系的猜测和对儿童普遍心理情结的分析,其意图是将个人行为的理论与人类古老的历史融合在一起,通过分析上帝的形成史来支持他在心理学方面的发现。在《图腾…     

弗洛伊德宗教观的启蒙价值（三）

无论是将宗教视为一种人类精神的“返童症”还是将上帝视为人类“夸张的父亲”,弗洛伊德都没有为宗教或有神论本身的存在提供科学依据,他的工作是从心理分析方面解释宗教的起源和上帝观念的形成,其结果自然是证明了宗教的非理性特征。既然其起源和本质都是非理性的,当然未来人类也不会以理性的方式去维护宗教,他确信人类文明终究会鄙弃宗教。他的这个结论在本质上仍然属于19世纪就开始形成的“机械唯物主义评判传统”,所以,我们仍然将他视为当代无神论的启蒙主义者。同样,弗洛伊德自己也十分清楚自己的精神分析学说在人类启蒙思想中的意义,…     

Infant withdrawal and behavior problems in urban Chinese toddlers: Roles of maternal sensitivity to infant distress and emerging delay ability

Using a longitudinal design, this study examined the associations between infant temperamental withdrawal and behavior problems during toddlerhood and tested the moderating effects of maternal sensitivity to infant distress (MSID) and toddlers’ ability to delay gratification (ADG) in urban Chinese families. Participants were 84 Chinese children (37 boys, 47 girls) and their mothers. When the infants were 6 months old (T1: infancy), their mothers reported their temperamental withdrawal, and research assistants observed and coded MSID by using a subscale of the Maternal Behavior Q-Sort during free-play interaction. When the toddlers were 1 year old (T2: early toddlerhood), their mothers reported their internalizing and externalizing problems. When the toddlers were 2 years old (T3: late toddlerhood), their mothers again reported their internalizing and externalizing problems, and their abilities of delay gratification were assessed through a laboratory-based procedure. Infant temperamental withdrawal was associated with increased internalizing problems in early toddlerhood and increased externalizing problems during middle to late toddlerhood; infants whose mothers were extremely high sensitive or low sensitive to their distress or those with late poor ability of delay gratification were at particular risk. The findings highlight the importance of matching parenting and promotion of self-control for temperamental withdrawn children's optimal development.     

Causal Factors of Corruption in Construction Project Management: An Overview

Science and Engineering Ethics - The development of efficient and strategic anti-corruption measures can be better achieved if a deeper understanding and identification of the causes of corruption...     

县级统计局局长的胜任特征成分研究

胜任特征是与优秀业绩有因果关系的所有个人特征的总和。对27名县级统计局局长的关键事件和行为事件访谈文本转录进行扎根理论分析,开放式译码提取并定义了60个简单译码概念,编制了胜任特征重要性调查问卷并对103位县级统计局局长进行调查,得到59个胜任特征成分,关联译码得到17个类属概念,主轴译码得到4个范畴,即：专业能动性、专业能力、政策水平与法律意识、伦理道德与领导能力。     

啮齿动物主动母性行为动态改变的神经机制

主动母性行为是雌性哺乳动物在哺乳期内有效照料幼崽的一种动机行为, 对幼崽的生存和行为发展有重要影响。证据显示, 啮齿动物的主动母性行为会经历从产后早期的发动和维持到晚期衰退的动态改变, 反映了雌鼠对幼崽奖赏价值阶段性变化的适应; 这一过程不仅涉及分娩激素事件开启下丘脑内侧视前区(MPOA)-中脑腹侧被盖(VTA)-伏隔核(NA)-腹侧苍白球(VP)通路, 还需要杏仁核基底外侧核(BLA)和内侧前额皮层(MPFC)等脑区对上述通路进行实时调节。哺乳期主动母性行为动态改变及其神经机制的研究, 可以加深对行为进化和早期发展的认识, 也对人类母亲产后抑郁等临床问题的干预有借鉴意义。本文首先利用条件化位置偏好(CPP)任务的行为学证据分析幼崽奖赏价值与主动母性行为动态改变的关系; 然后系统阐述调控这一动态改变的神经机制; 最后对未来需要研究的一些重要问题或方向进行探讨。     

Voice recognition technology as a tool for behavioral research

Behavioral research often requires the acquisition and processing of large volumes of data. Most current techniques for recording behavior constrain the amount and type of data that can be measured. We developed and tested a system that uses voice recognition technology to collect data on the social interactions and singing patterns of cowbirds (Molothrus ater) living outdoors in a semi-natural environment. We spoke observation data into a wireless microphone that transmitted the data to a computer in the laboratory. After collection, the data were automatically checked for errors and then were entered into a database. Overall, the system performed at extremely high levels of accuracy Furthermore, owing to the removal of constraints on observers such as breaking visual contact with subjects and manual data entry into a database, we were able to increase the amount of data collected and to collect new measures of social interactions that have not been available to us in the past. We tested the system under the challenging circumstances of field observation, and it performed above our expectations. In a laboratory setting, if transmission difficulties are removed, voice recognition could be even more accurate. We recommend voice recognition as a powerful new tool for the variety of research fields in which measuring behavior is involved.     

长期戒断海洛因成瘾者冲动性相关脑区的结构及功能特征

冲动性是药物成瘾者的典型特征, 它既包含了抑制控制成瘾者药物使用的力量, 也包含驱动成瘾者使用药物的成分, 两者不平衡导致冲动性用药行为。海洛因成瘾者本身具有冲动性人格特质, 长时间的海洛因使用又会造成成瘾者冲动性相关的大脑结构与功能的异常。目前难以确定戒断后, 冲动性及相关的大脑结构与功能是否还呈异常状态。本研究采用基于体素的形态学分析、低频振幅、局部一致性和功能连接方法, 以35例海洛因成瘾戒断者和无任何成瘾史的健康个体26人为研究对象, 探索在长期戒断后, 海洛因成瘾者与其冲动性相关的驱动、控制系统脑网络的结构和功能情况。结果显示, 相比对照组, 戒断组灰质总体积及右内侧额上回的灰质体积显著减小, 右侧颞中回和左内侧旁扣带回的灰质体积随用药总量的增加而降低; 右侧眶部额下回与尾状核功能连接显著增强, 右侧颞中回和左侧中央前回功能连接显著降低; 右眶额中回的ReHo值、右眶额下回和左海马体的ALFF值比对照组显著更低, 而右中央后回的ReHo值显著更高。这些脑区的状况与冲动性的神经基础相吻合, 说明海洛因成瘾戒断者在戒断44个月, 奖赏、凸显、习惯性行为等网络系统仍然呈现异常状态, 且与成瘾药物使用总量有关。这些异常可能是成瘾冲动性的驱动力的神经基础, 可以作为解释成瘾者戒断后容易复吸的因素之一。     

Facial expression stereotypes of rich and poor adults and children

Cognitive Processing - Facial expression stereotypes can affect the perception of other people’s facial expressions. This study examined facial expression stereotypes of poor and rich adults...     

姓名对个体心理与行为的实际影响：证据和理论

姓名不仅会影响他人的印象与评价, 还可能会影响个体实际的心理与行为。近几十年来, 心理学家在决策、成就、健康、人格四个领域开展了大量实证研究来考察姓氏或名字对个体的实际影响。姓名的多个维度(如独特性、性别倾向、含义效价、温暖-能力维度等)在不同程度上可以预测这些领域的心理与行为(包括职业决策/生活决策/经济决策、职业成就/学业成就、生理健康/心理健康/犯罪行为、人格特质/心理需要/面孔特征等)。但是, 现有研究证据比较混杂, 理论解释有待完善。未来研究应全面考虑姓名维度, 重点解决可重复性、因果关系、心理机制、跨文化普遍性等问题, 努力构建更系统、更包容的理论来解释姓名的心理与行为效应。