评西德 O.霍弗等人主编的《伦理学词典》

词典是知识的宝库。衡量词典的好坏,要看它是否完全反映了研究工作业已达到的水平。因为词典通常有很大的实用范围,所以就迫切需要对它现有的内容作出评价和分析。哲学以及作为哲学的一个分支的、研究一定社会历史阶段的道德行为和相应的道德观念的伦理学,乃是阶级利益在理论上的表现。可是,伦理学词典的编辑者却否定了这个观点。他们忠实于资产阶级伦理学的传统。编者O.霍弗是威尔茨堡大学哲学系教授。他对伦理学问题之所以越来越感兴趣,是因为他想把他的伦理学词典变成为“一个传播知识、同时作出评论的‘建议者”’(第6页)。他认为,当前人们之所以急剧地转向于对个人、社会和政治生活的伦理学问题的讨论,是有各种各样原因的。他认为这些     

现代科学中人的问题

在控制论出现的时代,大多数科学家认为,控制的中心问题同控制的数学理论、算法理论、自动机和自动调节的研究相联系,同自组织系统的数学模式的创造相联系,有时还同应用数学的一些部门,如线性程序、实验设计等的发展相联系。另一方面,又把控制的技术手段——计算机及其工程保证和数学保证的研究列为控制科学的最重要问题。近来已经明显看     

西方的伦理学概念

对平常人来说,“伦理学”一词意味着是由一特殊集团或共同体所制定的一套约束其行为的标准——在追求他们的目的时,区别什么是合法的与不合法的,或者什么是可以或不可以被人接受的。因此我们就有“商业伦理学”,或“医疗伦理学”。伦理学是研究人类思想或行为的某一给定的领域中存在的或应该找到的根本原則和基本     

用列宁的观点来看伦理学认识的特点

伦理学是社会一哲学的认识领域,在这个领域中,对伦理学对象所采取的认识论方法和价值方法,二者有着最直接的联系。如果说在马列主义哲学中,伦理-公理方面是以研究自然、社会和认识本身的普遍规律的思想家的思想和道德立场的形式表现出来的,是作为对从上述规律中得出的社会理想的论证,以强调整个理论哲学体系的实际意义和社会价值,那     

同一与差别的辩证法

无论是过去还是现在,唯物辩证法一直都在遭受资产阶级思想家们的攻讦。同时,马克思主义的敌人又在千方百计地伪造马克思主义与马克思主义辩证法,但对马克思主义辩证法的最重要的原理——发展即是对立面的斗争,却要进行排斥。马克思主义辩证法正是根据这个基本原理来研究同一与差别这对范畴的相互关系,并把这对范畴看作是辩证过程的明显表现之一。列宁写道:“辩证法是这样的一种学说:它研究对立怎样能够是同一的,又怎样成为同一的(怎样变成同一的),——在怎样的条件之下它们互相转化,成为同一的”。辩证唯物主义正是从这种立场出发,去批判抽象同一性的形而上学观念的。     

苏联就辩证法与系统方法举行会议

1979年6月俄罗斯联邦社会主义共和国高等和中等专业教育部的唯物辩证法问题委员会在列宁格勒举行了第9次扩大会议。在这次会议上,对“辩证法与系统方法”这一论题进行了讨论。六十来名科学家参加了这次会议。 (?)乌耶莫夫在“系统方法是辩证法具体化的现代形式”的报告中强调指出,哲学不应当把它的一般方法论直接运用于部门科学的事实和具体问     

How and why people accept personality feedback

The present experiment examined a model and a supplementary explanation of feedback acceptance. The model consisted of inventory responding under a yea-saying response set and the explanation stated that feedback is accepted because it is accurate and persuasive. "Neurotic" and stable undergraduates (n = 120) took several personality inventories and then rated the accuracies of personality "interpretations." As predicted, the model mirrored every detail of feedback acceptance; also, the accuracy of interpretations related most simply to their acceptance and the undergraduates changed their self-perceptions in the direction of the interpretations. Contrary to predictions, individual differences in persuasibility did influence feedback acceptance.     

Response strength in multiple periodic and aperiodic schedules

Responding in multiple periodic and aperiodic schedules of equal mean reinforcement rate was examined during extinction, satiation, and in the presence of various free-food schedules. In Experiments I and II, pigeons were trained on multiple variable-interval–fixed-interval schedules. Decreases in the rate of responding due to extinction, satiation, or food schedules were approximately equal regardless of the temporal pattern of reinforcer presentation. In Experiment III, pigeons responded on a two-component multiple schedule in which each component was a two-member homogeneous response chain terminating in a fixed-interval schedule during one component and in a variable-interval schedule during the other. The length of both terminal links was varied over a series of conditions. Initial-link responding in the fixed-interval component was reduced more by increasing terminal-link length than was initial-link responding in the variable-interval component. However, no differences in resistance to satiation and extinction were obtained across the fixed and variable components. If the relative decrease in responding produced by satiation and extinction is used as an index of the “value” of the conditions maintaining responding, then these data suggest that fixed and variable schedules of equal mean length are equally valued. This conclusion, however, is not consistent with findings of preference for variable over fixed schedules obtained in studies using concurrent-chain procedures.