Role of the striatum and the cerebellum in motor skill acquisition

Motor skill acquisition was investigated in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or cerebellar dysfunction using two sensory-guided tracking tasks. The subjects had to learn to track a visual target (a square) on a computer screen by moving a joystick under two different conditions. In the unreversed task, the horizontal target movements were semi-predictable and could be anticipated. In the reversed task, the horizontal movements of a pointer which had to be kept within the target square were mirror-reversed to the joystick movements. PD patients showed intact learning of the semi-predictable task and reduced learning of the mirror-reversed task; patients with cerebellar dysfunction showed the opposite pattern. These findings are discussed in relation to the differential contribution of the cerebellum and the striatum to motor skill acquisition: the cerebellum appears to participate in the implementation of anticipatory movements, whereas the striatum may be critically involved in types of motor learning which require a high degree of internal elaboration.     

维特根斯坦与心理主义的终结

我从一个顿号开始。这个逗号位于维特根斯坦《逻辑哲学论》里一个关键的命题中。对由这个顿号分开的词之间关系的解释,是最初的问题,后面的篇章把这个问题作为目标,加以阐明、研究并试图解决之。被这个顿号联系起来并隔开的词,指出了一些重要的概念,它们不仅可以在维特根斯坦的《逻辑哲学论》和他思想发展变化中找到,并且可以在总的哲学传统中找到。事实上,我们可以把这些概念看作关于语言、思想和实在三者关系的哲学问题的隐喻和线索。     

中国塔吉克与伊斯玛仪派

中国塔吉克族是我国穆斯林民族中最早皈依伊斯兰教的民族之一,因为伊斯兰教是先从中亚地区经帕米尔高原传入新疆南部的。时间大约在10世纪末。根据民间传说和调查,与塔吉克族的思想家、诗人和伊斯玛仪派哲学家纳     

Effects of task success or failure on causal attributions and person perception

An actor's outcome on a task (success-failure) was manipulated orthogonally to information that the actor either used or did not use drugs. Casual attributions for success-failure were obtained as well as trait ratings of the actor. Subjects read a case study of an artist who either succeeded or failed in his profession. For half of the subjects, the artist was described as using hard drugs, and no mention of drugs was made for. the other half. It was predicted and confirmed that success-failure interacted with drugs-no drugs in determining attributions of ability. It was also found, as expected, that success was attributed to ability and motivation more than was failure. Further, success tended to be internally attributed to the actor, while failure was externally attributed. The interaction obtained for ability attribution was not obtained for a measure of trying, nor for the trait ratings. The results confirmed Kepka and Brickman's (1971) suggestion that ability and motivation are qualitatively different concepts in naive psychology, but some of their specific conclusions are questioned.     

Choice of higher density signalled shock over lower density unsignalled shock

Unsignalled, inescapable shocks were presented to four albino rats in Experiment 1. By pressing a lever subjects could change the condition to signalled shock for 3-min periods after which unsignalled shock was automatically reinstated. All subjects changed from unsignalled to signalled shock when shock density was the same or when the density of signalled shock was two times greater than unsignalled shock. When the density of signalled shock was four times that of unsignalled shock, three subjects changed to the higher density schedule. One subject changed to a density of signalled shock eight times that of unsignalled shock. The second study showed that the two shock schedules most similar in Experiment 1 were discriminably different because subjects chose lower over higher shock densities when both densities were unsignalled. An analysis stressing safe (signal absent) and unsafe (signal present) periods was discussed.     

Collateral behavior of the pigeon during conditioned suppression of key pecking

Ethological recording procedures measured collateral behavior in pigeons whose key-pecking performance was suppressed during a tone that ended with unavoidable electric shock. Independent recordings of gross behavior were made by two observers throughout 60-sec intervals immediately before, during, and after tone presentation. Results indicated significant reductions in the frequency of collateral movements and an increase in the time between successive movements during tone presentations. These effects were observed in all subjects, despite differences in the sequential patterns of behavior. Only partial recovery of the behavior evidenced before tone presentation was found during a 60-sec interval following shock. It was concluded that conditioned suppression procedures caused the bird to “freeze” during tone presentation and in this fashion produced a general inhibitory effect on ongoing overt activity, including key pecking.     

И.М.谢切诺夫为心理过程的唯物主义研究而斗争

自然科学唯物主义的最伟大的代表、俄国生理学之父伊万·米哈依洛维奇·谢切诺夫((?))的活动,以及他在解决最困难的心理过程本质问题中反对唯心主义的那种理论工作的战斗精神,均在我国唯物主义哲学发展的漫长道路上占有极特殊的地位。可以毫不夸张的说,自18世纪末叶以来,卓越的俄国唯物主义哲学家们在与各种唯心主义观点的尖锐斗争中,提出了有关心理过程本质的彻底唯物主义的学说,并为它奠定了基础。在他们的著作中,浸透了与各种唯心主义及形而上学的观点、体系作不调和的斗争的战斗精神;他们的著作建立了祖国的唯物主义生理学的优良传统。这种传统在最伟大的生理学思想家——谢切诺夫和巴     

邏輯經驗主义的科学的哲学中的几个主要爭論点及其發展

费格尔(Herbert Feigl)是维也纳学派的创始人之一,后迁居美国,1940年起任明尼苏答大学哲学教授。此文是1954年他在科学的哲学国际大会上的一篇演说的修正和扩大稿。载《明尼苏答科学的哲学研究》第一卷(明尼苏答大学出版社,1956)。他首先简单地介绍了一下逻辑经验主义的历史,以及它在当前的三大趋向。然后着重讨论了科学的哲学运动中三个主要争论:第一个争论是关于分析命题和综合命题的区别是否必要的问题,作者认为是必要的,因为这是区别形式科学和事实科学的基础;第二个争论是关于经验主义的意义标准问题;第三个争论是关于科学是否需要形而上学前提的问题。讨论是极其烦琐的,但从讨论中也反映出逻辑实证主义的一些重要观点,如经验的证实,否认客观世界的规律性等等。最后作者指出了当前逻辑经验主义的一些特点:更加逻辑的、更加肯定的、更加经验的。     

西方道教研究编年史(1950-1990)[选译十]

八、中国域外道教 道教是与中国乡村和皇家制度有密切关系的本土宗教。道教活动对于非中国的文化从未表现出传教的态度,也许只有它们分担全中国的职责去“化胡”时除外。道教从没有正式外传,其它国家出现道教在多数情况下是与移居国外的中国人团体联系在一起的。然而,道教以某些形式不仅传播到中亚,而且传播到所有邻近中国的地区：中亚,越南,柬埔寨,朝鲜和日本。正如亚洲研究的诸多领域一样,道教研究具有区域性,过于专业化,结果对于中国域外文化中的道教,西方鲜有研究。 上面（四１）提到过,七世纪时《道德经》曾被译为梵语。但…