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271.
Researchers have called for an examination of the roles that alternatives to traditional mentoring play in individuals’ career success. This study tests how important, but less examined factors, such as employees’ direct leader, personal and work factors such as ability and the formality of the organization, and employees’ engagement in career management strategies relate to career outcomes. Mechanisms intervening in the relationship between mentoring alternatives and career success were examined, including the moderating effect of individual differences (e.g., proactive personality, career motivation, and career stage) and the mediating role of employees’ career self-efficacy. We discuss how our results continue the examination of alternative sources of mentoring and contribute to existing theory. Finally, we elaborate on the practical importance of our results for situations where alternatives to traditional mentoring are needed. 相似文献
272.
Testing for multigroup equivalence of a measuring instrument: a walk through the process 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Byrne BM 《Psicothema》2008,20(4):872-882
273.
The 'content view', in slogan form, is 'Perceptual experiences have representational content'. I explain why the content view should be reformulated to remove any reference to 'experiences'. I then argue, against Bill Brewer, Charles Travis and others, that the content view is true. One corollary of the discussion is that the content of perception is relatively thin (confined, in the visual case, to roughly the output of 'mid-level' vision). Finally, I argue (briefly) that the opponents of the content view are partially vindicated, because perceptual error is due to false belief. 相似文献
274.
April Ruiz Juan Carlos Gómez Jean Jacques Roeder Richard W. Byrne 《Animal cognition》2009,12(3):427-434
Although primates have often been found to co-orient visually with other individuals, members of these same species have usually failed to use co-orientation to find hidden food in object-choice experiments. This presents an evolutionary puzzle: what is the function of co-orientation if it is not used for a function as basic as locating resources? Co-orientation responses have not been systematically investigated in object-choice experiments, and requiring co-orientation with humans (as is typical in object-choice tasks) may underestimate other species’ abilities. Using an object-choice task with conspecific models depicted in photographs, we provide experimental evidence that two lemur species (Eulemur fulvus, n = 4, and Eulemur macaco, n = 2) co-orient with conspecifics. Secondly, by analysing together two measures that have traditionally been examined separately, we show that lemurs’ gaze following behaviour and ultimate choice are closely linked. Individuals were more likely to choose correctly after having looked in the same direction as the model, and thus chose objects correctly more often than chance. We propose a candidate system for the evolutionary origins of more complex gaze following: ‘gaze priming.’ 相似文献
275.
John C. Byrne Peter G. Dominick James W. Smither Richard R. Reilly 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2007,15(3):341-353
We found that self‐ratings on the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI) had small relationships with, but a distinct factor structure from, the Big‐Five personality dimensions. ECI self‐ratings were unrelated to academic performance and general mental ability. ECI self‐ratings had significant, albeit small, correlations with EC‐related behaviors and peer nominations of influence during a leaderless group discussion, coworkers' ratings of managerial skills, and number of promotions received. However, with one exception, these significant relationships disappeared after controlling for personality and age. 相似文献
276.
The typical kind of color realism is reductive: the color properties are identified with properties specified in other terms (as ways of altering light, for instance).
If no reductive analysis is available – if the colors are primitive sui generis properties – this is often taken to be a convincing
argument for eliminativism. That is, realist primitivism is usually thought to be untenable. The realist preference for reductive theories of color over the last few decades is particularly
striking in light of the generally anti-reductionist mood of recent philosophy of mind. The parallels between the mind–body
problem and the case of color are substantial enough that the difference in trajectory is surprising. While dualism and non-reductive
physicalism are staples, realist primitivism is by and large a recent addition to the color literature. And it remains a minority
position, although one that is perhaps gaining support. In this paper, we investigate whether it should be accepted, and conclude
it should not be. 相似文献
277.
Encounters between groups of wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) can be viewed as a natural experiment to investigate the nature of these primates’ mental representations of large-scale
space. During a 16-month field study in a high population density habitat we recorded the foraging routes and the most important
resources of a group of 25 individuals. Also, we estimated the locations of additional baboon groups relative to the study
group. Routes were less linear, travel speed was higher, and inter-resource distances were larger when other groups were present
within 500 m of the focal group; thus, the study group avoided others by taking detours. We predicted that evasive manoeuvres
would be characteristic of different possible orientation mechanisms, and compared them with our observations. We analysed
34 evasive manoeuvres in detail. In an area that lacked prominent landmarks, detours were small; larger detours occurred when
resources were directly visible, or in the vicinity of a hill offering conspicuous landmarks. In areas without prominent landmarks,
detours were along familiar routes and waiting bouts of up to 60 min occurred; on one occasion the study group aborted their
entire day’s journey. We discuss these findings in the light of time and energy costs and suggest that the baboons lack the
ability to compute Euclidean relations among locations, but use network maps to find their way to out-of-sight locations.
This contribution is part of the Special Issue “A Socioecological Perspective on Primate Cognition” (Cunningham and Janson
2007a). 相似文献
278.
279.
Jack Tsai Crystal Yun See Lee Thomas Byrne Robert H. Pietrzak Steven M. Southwick 《American journal of community psychology》2017,60(3-4):599-606
Public attitudes on homelessness can and has influenced policies and services for homeless populations. This study surveyed national public attitudes about homelessness in the 21st century and examined changes in attitudes in the past two decades. An online survey of public attitudes about homelessness was conducted with 541 U.S. adults across 47 states in November 2016 using Amazon Mechanical Turk. Survey results were compared to two public surveys conducted in 1990. Compared to previous surveys, the current sample endorsed more compassion, government support, and liberal attitudes about homelessness. The largest changes were related to increased support for homeless individuals to use public spaces for sleeping and panhandling. When asked about the demographic composition of the homeless population, the contemporary sample tended to overestimate the proportions who were young and racial/ethnic minorities, while underestimating the proportions who were married, or had mental health or substance abuse problems. Together, the findings suggest there has been an increase in compassion and liberal attitudes toward homelessness in the past two decades. Greater support for homeless individuals during an era of economic recessions and governmental homeless initiatives presents opportunities for new public health approaches to address homelessness. 相似文献
280.
Marta Couto Ana Cristina Quelhas Ruth M. J. Byrne 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2017,29(3):364-380
Two experiments examine how people interpret and reason about advice conditionals, such as tips, for example, “if you study more your grades will improve”, and warnings, for example, “if you stop exercising you will gain weight”. Experiment 1 showed that when participants reason about whether a tip or warning could be true in different situations, their judgments correspond to a biconditional or conditional interpretation on about half of all trials, but to an enabling or tautology interpretation on many others. Experiment 2 showed that participants make few modus ponens and tollens inferences from tips and warnings, and more modus ponens inferences from tips than warnings. The implications for alternative theories are discussed. 相似文献