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111.
112.
Testing the cognitive abilities of cartilaginous fishes is important in understanding the evolutionary origins of cognitive
functions in higher vertebrates. We used five South American fresh water stingrays (Potamotrygon castexi) in a learning and problem-solving task. A tube test apparatus was developed to provide a simple but sophisticated procedure
for testing cognitive abilities of aquatic animals. All five subjects quickly learned to use water as a tool to extract food
from the testing apparatus. The experimental protocol, which gave the animals the opportunity of correcting a wrong visual
cue decision, resulted in four out of five subjects correcting an error rather than making an initial right choice. One of
five subjects reached 100% correct trials in the visual discrimination task. The ability to use water as an agent to extract
food from the testing apparatus is a first indication of tool use in batoid fishes. Performance in the instrumental task of
retrieving food from a novel testing apparatus and the rapid learning in the subsequent discrimination/error correction task
shows that cartilaginous fish can be used to study the origins of cognitive functions in the vertebrate lineage. 相似文献
113.
The donation of organs after cardiac death in infants is not morally justified and should not be continued. 相似文献
114.
Great ape gesture has become a research topic of intense interest, because its intentionality and flexibility suggest strong
parallels to human communication. Yet the fundamental question of whether an animal species’ gestures carry specific meanings
has hardly been addressed. We set out a systematic approach to studying intentional meaning in the gestural communication
of non-humans and apply it to a sample of orangutan gestures. We propose that analysis of meaning should be limited to gestures
for which (1) there is strong evidence for intentional production and (2) the recipient’s final reaction matches the presumed
goal of the signaller, as determined independently. This produces a set of “successful” instances of gesture use, which we
describe as having goal–outcome matches. In this study, 28 orangutans in three European zoos were observed for 9 months. We
distinguished 64 gestures on structural grounds, 40 of which had frequent goal–outcome matches and could therefore be analysed
for meaning. These 40 gestures were used predictably to achieve one of 6 social goals: to initiate an affiliative interaction
(contact, grooming, or play), request objects, share objects, instigate co-locomotion, cause the partner to move back, or
stop an action. Twenty-nine of these gestures were used consistently with a single meaning. We tested our analysis of gesture
meaning by examining what gesturers did when the response to their gesture did not match the gesture’s meaning. Subsequent
actions of the gesturer were consistent with our assignments of meaning to gestures. We suggest that, despite their contextual
flexibility, orangutan gestures are made with the expectation of specific behavioural responses and thus have intentional
meanings as well as functional consequences. 相似文献
115.
Michael J. Platow Leanne Byrne Michelle K. Ryan 《European journal of social psychology》2005,35(5):599-608
We present an experiment in which the relative status of an in‐group and the discriminatory nature of a decision maker's intergroup behaviour (in‐group‐favouring/out‐group‐favouring/even‐handed) were independently manipulated to observe their effects on self‐esteem. Adopting a Social Identity Theory framework, and following from previous empirical work, we predicted that discrimination against one's in‐group would lead to lower self‐esteem among members of a low‐status group but not among members of a high‐status group. This prediction was confirmed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
116.
We examined whether linear or non-linear LMX-job tension relationships existed, and if these effects were consistent across levels of negative (NA) and positive (PA) affect. Results indicated that NA and PA moderated the non-linear LMX-job tension relationship. Specifically, the LMX-job tension association was best depicted by an inverted-U form for high NAs. Tension was highest when LMX was moderate and lowest when LMX was either low or high. Tension increased minimally for low NAs across levels of LMX. For high PAs, the relationship was linear and inverse. Conversely, a U-shaped form best represented the LMX-job tension relationship for low PAs. Implications, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
117.
Byrne R. W. Cartmill E. Genty E. Graham K. E. Hobaiter C. Tanner J. 《Animal cognition》2019,22(4):471-471
Animal Cognition - Great apes give gestures deliberately and voluntarily, in order to influence particular target audiences, whose direction of attention they take into account when choosing which... 相似文献
118.
A. Byrne J. O’Connor J. Wilson O’Raghallaigh S. MacHale 《Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy》2019,33(1):5-19
Experiences of and responses to bodily symptoms have long held interest, from earlier roots in hysteria to the most recent category of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) in DSM 5. SSD’s focus on distress implies that symptoms hold meaning for individuals. This study used a psychoanalytically-informed, multiple interview method and analysis to explore such possible meanings. Six participants were interviewed on three occasions each, with four themes emerging as follows: (1) a foreign body in charge; (2) left alone with the foreign body; (3) the body works for the mind; and (4) the body mirrors the mind. Bion’s idea of an active container-contained function and the construct of psychic pain formed a useful framework for understanding themes. The distress that lies in somatic symptoms was formulated as potentially stemming from an initial difficulty with containment in the primary object relationship. It is argued that distress may indicate a struggle with suffering that is not only somatic but also psychological in nature; and that the symptomatic body may have reached its limits in containing psychic pain. Implications for working clinically include the importance of close and sustained attention, through the clinician’s reverie, to somatic and emotional feeling states to help guide treatment. 相似文献
119.
Lynne A. Bond Tabitha R. Holmes Ciara Byrne Lynne Babchuck Sheila Kirton-Robbins 《Psychology of women quarterly》2008,32(1):48-64
This research examines women's narratives regarding the experiences that lead to becoming, sustaining, and challenging active community leaders. Seventeen women neighborhood leaders, age 28 to 73 years, completed in-depth interviews. Qualitative thematic content analyses identified prominent themes in participants' responses that were subsequently linked to a generativity framework. Analyses revealed that leaders reported circuitous rather than linear paths of emerging community participation and growing up among others who demonstrated an ethos of care in informal as well as formal community practices. Women's initial community engagement was most often in response to invitations to address community needs. Both communal and agentic rewards and challenges to community involvement were identified. Based upon the findings, strategies for promoting and sustaining women's community leadership are identified. 相似文献
120.
Factor structure of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in Hong Kong adolescents
Lee SW Stewart SM Byrne BM Wong JP Ho SY Lee PW Lam TH 《Journal of personality assessment》2008,90(2):175-184
We present data from the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D; Radloff, 1977) for 2 samples of Hong Kong community adolescents (combined N = 1,385). The 4 positive affect items related poorly to the remainder of the scale. Using 16 items, the data were consistent with 2 models with highly correlated factors: (a) a 2-factor model, 1 of which merged somatic and affective items, and (b) a 3-factor model separating somatic, depressed, and interpersonal items. Correlations with related constructs provide preliminary support of validity. Hong Kong adolescents are influenced both by traditional concepts of mind-body holism and Western psychological models separating psychological and somatic symptoms. 相似文献