羞耻易感性差异及对羞耻的应付

研究目的是了解羞耻感对应付的影响。100名大专一年级学生根据主试呈现的9个故事情境,评定自己在其中体验到的羞耻的强烈程度,从中选择了5个可以较好的激发被试羞耻情绪的典型羞耻事件,考察被试在其中的应付方式,并比较了高、低羞耻组被试在应付方法使用上的差异。研究结果显示：大学生面临羞耻事件时,倾向于采用接受事件结果、直接面对问题和让时间冲淡一切的应对方法,较少使用否认和逃避的方法。羞耻易感性较高的个体较之羞耻易感性低的个体更可能使用回避、隐藏感情、祈祷和等待的应付方法;羞耻易感性低的个体较之羞耻易感性高的个体更可能使用寻求社会支持的方法。进一步根据羞耻的本质和其现象学的特点,解释了高、低羞耻组在应付方式上的这些差异     

国别属性重要吗？代言人与广告效果关系研究的新视角

随着全球市场的形成, 一些中国企业开始选取外国明星作为产品的代言人, 目的是希望借外籍代言人提升品牌的吸引力, 获得消费者的喜爱与购买。与此同时, 一些跨国企业也开始使用中国明星为其产品代言, 以期通过“本土化”加强消费者对品牌的认同, 从而最终接受这一品牌。然而, 这种做法是否令消费者认可和接受, 其广告效果到底如何还是未知数。从目前来看, 这一作法既缺乏理论论证也缺乏实践的检验。根据代言人匹配假说, 作者认为代言人国别属性与产品国别色彩的一致性对广告效果也具有重要的影响。通过3(中、外、无国别特色产品)×2(功能性产品、享乐性产品)×2(中、外代言人)的实验设计, 验证了代言人与产品国别一致性作为调节变量对代言人特征与广告效果关系具有正向的影响, 即当代言人国别属性与产品国别色彩一致时, 广告效果明显优于不一致的情形。对于中国特色产品, 中国代言人的广告效果更好, 而对于外国文化色彩以及无国别色彩的产品, 外国代言人的广告效果要明显高于中国代言人。     

孤独症谱系障碍患者对种族情境中本异族面孔的眼动模式

本研究采用眼动技术探讨孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)患者对背景中的本异族面孔的加工特点。研究采用2（组别）×2（面孔种族）×3（背景）的混合设计,让16名16-25岁的ASD患者和17名生理年龄匹配的正常人完成变化检测任务,并记录他们的眼动。结果显示：与正常人相比,ASD患者的面孔辨别力更低;他们的眼动呈现更多的面孔-背景眼跳和更多的上下半脸眼跳;两组被试的上下半脸眼跳的次数受到面孔种族以及面孔和背景是否一致的影响。结论：在行为指标上,正常人出现了本族效应,而ASD患者没有出现本族效应;在眼动上,ASD患者呈现与正常人相似的面孔注视时间,但比正常人呈现更多的眼跳。面孔的背景影响了面孔辨别力以及上下半脸眼跳轨迹。     

斯多亚学派伦理学:灵魂的治疗术

斯多亚学派认为人的激情如悲伤、恐惧、欲望、快乐是一种心灵的剧烈运动,是超越理性的冲动,因而是灵魂疾病.真正好(善)的东西是德性,德性是幸福本身,是有用的.人是自然的一部分.人要拥有德性,就必须运用自己的理性,合乎自然而生活.只有顺从自然的必然性,人的灵魂才能因此宁静而健康.     

General,Work-Specific,and Work-Role Conscientiousness Measures in Predicting Work Criteria: A Comparative Perspective

The current study compared general, work-specific, and work-role measures of conscientiousness as predictors of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, job engagement, and task performance. As expected, work-role conscientiousness yielded stronger relationships with five of the ten work-related criteria than general conscientiousness, and with six of the ten criteria than work-specific conscientiousness. More importantly, work-role conscientiousness displayed incremental validity in predicting nearly all work-related criteria, when controlling for general and work-specific conscientiousness alone or in combination. It is also worth noting that six of ten analyses found that work-role conscientiousness demonstrated greater relative importance compared to its counterparts. Finally, we found that the context in which the items were completed moderated the relationships between work-role conscientiousness and two work-related criteria (i.e., job satisfaction and organizational commitment). Together, these results suggest that researchers should consider the work-role measure of conscientiousness in the prediction of work criteria.     

WHAT PREDICTS THE OWN-AGE BIAS IN FACE RECOGNITION MEMORY?

Younger and older adults' visual scan patterns were examined as they passively viewed younger and older neutral faces. Both participant age groups tended to look longer at their own-age as compared to other-age faces. In addition, both age groups reported more exposure to own-age than other-age individuals. Importantly, the own-age bias in visual inspection of faces and the own-age bias in self-reported amount of exposure to young and older individuals in everyday life, but not explicit age stereotypes and implicit age associations, significantly and independently predicted the own-age bias in later old/new face recognition. We suggest these findings reflect increased personal and social relevance of, and more accessible and elaborated schemas for, own-age than other-age faces.     

当代新兴人类增强技术的“激进主义”与“保守主义”:理论主张及论争启示

以物理增强、认知增强、道德增强、情感增强为主的当代新兴人类增强技术(H ET)对人的深度“干预”使“人”陷入“深度技术化”状态从而引发了激烈论争,形成了“激进主义”与“保守主义”两大对立阵营。双方论争焦点主要集中在:关于什么是“人”的形而上学问题;认知进化与退化、道德工具化与趋同化、情感真实性与同质化等人的社会属性问题;自主性与自主权、公平与公正、健康与安全等增强技术使用问题。双方论争角度呈现出多样性特征,且各自在自身的理论框架下具有一定程度的合理性。论争双方的对立,有的是利益分歧,有的是价值或文化冲突,达成共识的可能性较低,理想的状态应该是两者之间如何取得均衡,保持“必要的张力”,共同推动新兴人类增强技术的健康良性发展。     

Reactions to male-favouring versus female-favouring sex differences: A pre-registered experiment and Southeast Asian replication

Two studies investigated (1) how people react to research describing a sex difference, depending on whether that difference favours males or females, and (2) how accurately people can predict how the average man and woman will react. In Study 1, Western participants (N = 492) viewed a fictional popular-science article describing either a male-favouring or a female-favouring sex difference (i.e., men/women draw better; women/men lie more). Both sexes reacted less positively to the male-favouring differences, judging the findings to be less important, less credible, and more offensive, harmful, and upsetting. Participants predicted that the average man and woman would react more positively to sex differences favouring their own sex. This was true of the average woman, although the level of own-sex favouritism was lower than participants predicted. It was not true, however, of the average man, who – like the average woman – reacted more positively to the female-favouring differences. Study 2 replicated these findings in a Southeast Asian sample (N = 336). Our results are consistent with the idea that both sexes are more protective of women than men, but that both exaggerate the level of same-sex favouritism within each sex – a misconception that could potentially harm relations between the sexes.