人格特质对认知老化的影响及其机制

认知老化是指与年龄相关的认知功能损害.影响认知老化的因素很多,人格是这些因素背后的重要动因.当前有关人格与认知老化的研究主要探讨了不同人格特质对认知老化的具体影响及作用机制两个方面.尽管不同人格特质与认知老化的关系逐渐清晰起来,但现有研究在一些问题上仍存在争议.未来可以从不同研究范式的结果对比、人格特质对认知老化影响机制的内在问题、人格与人格特质的稳定性及其影响、人格特质对认知老化影响的本土化研究等几个方面进一步强化和拓展.     

变性手术面临的困境与对策研究

变性人这一因变性手术而产生的新的社会群体正在走进公众的视野,然而法律对变性手术及对变性人这一特殊人群的保护却并不完善.2009年,我国出台了＆lt;变性手术技术管理规范（试行）＆gt;,对变性手术引发的社会、法律、伦理等问题进行具体规定.随着变性手术的新进展与新变化,加强变性手术的管理,保障变性人的权益等问题均需进一步深入的研究与探索.对变性手术面临的困境和对策加以研究必将有利于各国人权保障的完善和社会生产生活的稳定,从而在此基础上谋求更长久的发展.     

脑钠肽和内皮素在慢性阻塞性肺疾病的应用研究

探讨脑钠肽、内皮素测定在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺动脉高压、病情严重程度及近期预后评估的意义.观察60例COPD急性加重期患者,60例经治疗转为稳定期的患者,以30例健康者作对照.COPD急性加重期患者根据肺动脉压力分为肺动脉高压组(A组)30例、肺动脉压力正常组(B组)30例,根据病情分为轻度组21例、中度组23例、重度组16例.用免疫分析法测定血浆脑钠肽、内皮素浓度.结果COPD急性加重期组脑钠肽、内皮素浓度明显升高,稳定期组明显下降(P＜0.001),但仍高于健康对照组(P＜0.001);A组明显高于B组(P＜0.05);重度组高于中度组(P＜0.05),中度组高于轻度组(P＜0.05).说明脑钠肽、内皮素浓度可反映COPD患者肺动脉压力情况及病情严重程度,有利于其疗效及近期预后评估.     

语义分解性在惯用语理解中的作用

惯用语是比喻性语言的一种。语义分解性的作用是惯用语理解机制争论的焦点。通过语义启动任务, 探究了汉语动宾结构的惯用语和偏正结构的惯用语的意义理解模式, 揭示语义分解性在短的SOA (300 ms)和长的SOA (800 ms)下的作用。结果发现, 语义分解性独立地影响惯用语的意义激活：当SOA短时, 语义高分解的两类惯用语均表现出显著的字面义激活效应; 当SOA长时, 语义低分解的偏正结构的惯用语的意义激活的正确率优势明显。同时, 两类惯用语的语义分解性不同导致了语义激活启动效应的差异：当SOA短时, 语义低分解的动宾结构的惯用语存在两种意义的激活效应, 语义高分解的动宾结构的惯用语和偏正结构的惯用语存在字面义的激活效应; 当SOA长时, 语义低分解的动宾结构的惯用语存在两种意义的激活效应, 语义高分解的偏正结构的惯用语存在比喻义的激活效应。研究证实语义分解性在惯用语加工早期即发挥作用, 在加工晚期, 语义高分解的动宾结构的惯用语的多种意义同时激活削弱了两种意义的启动优势。整个研究结果支持惯用语理解的混合表征模型和层级显性意义假说。     

医学教育改革与医学生整体素质培养的再思考

新时期对医学生的素质有新的要求,医学教育改革面临新的挑战.医学问题最终是关于"人"的问题,能培养出素质高、能力强、全面发展、自我发展、持续发展的医学人才,是改革的关键.     

Remote memory in a patient with circumscribed amnesia

It has been suggested that extensive and severe remote memory loss is not a component of a circumscribed amnesic syndrome but may be attributable to problem solving and retrieval deficiencies associated with the frontal lobe damage which is present in some amnesic patients. In order to assess this notion, retrograde amnesia was studied in a patient, W.H., who had no apparent cortical damage revealed by radiological examination, and who evidenced no major cognitive deficiency other than amnesia. Regardless of whether remote memory was measured by recall or recognition procedures, patient W.H. exhibited impaired memory for information from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, but was unimpaired in retrieving information from the 1940s and 1950s. These results demonstrate that retrograde amnesia can occur in patients who have a circumscribed memory deficit.     

Using a threat of divorce for maintaining family homeostasis within families in extreme distress (FED)

This paper describes a phenomenon of using a threat to divorce by families in extreme distress (FED) as a way of maintaining family homeostasis; that is, using a threat to divorce but never really implementing it. By relating to processes, such as social exchange and attachment, that often take place in the decision-making of divorce, we try to understand why those families choose to use the threat, thereby explaining this phenomenon. Using components of defining family boundaries, excitement and power struggle, we are thus able to better understand the existence of the phenomenon among FED.     

Hiring family therapists for a research project via videotaped interviews: A brief report

The authors describe an interview procedure devised for use in hiring therapists for a research and demonstration project in which the employers viewed videotaped interviews of applicants responding to a standard set of questions posed by an on-site researcher/interviewer. The approach is considered potentially useful for agencies to use in hiring therapists with a systemic orientation.     

Divorce in the kibbutz: Affective responses to separation

This article is part of a comprehensive research project in which the central characteristics of the process of divorce in the kibbutz were examined. It appears that the framework of the kibbutz, free as it is from socio-economic pressures and boundary factors not directly connected with the marital relationship as such, provides an excellent and perhaps unique opportunity to investigate the pure emotional effects of the marital breakup.     

A qualitative understanding of reflective-teams II: Therapists' perspectives

A research team developed and asked questions to a reflective-team about their clinical practice. The purpose of the questions was to better understand reflective-team members' experiences, beliefs, and aspirations. A participant/observation methodology was used in formulating the questions to the therapists. Therapists stated that reflective-teams were valuable in resolving impasses, developing multiple perspectives on clients' problems, and encouraging interaction among team members, but were problematic if clients were unaccustomed to team practice or if there were physically too many people in the interviewing room. Therapists believed that reflective-teams as a team practice was not practical in typical practice settings.