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91.
Subjects made arousing or nonarousing judgments about photographs of strangers, then had an unannounced recognition test over the photographs. Emotional orienting tasks led to better retention than nonemotional tasks. Assuming emotionality is predominantly a right-hemisphere activity, then this result is consistent with other research showing a right-hemisphere advantage in processing faces. This difference was most clear for subjects with a right-hemisphere cognitive style. Extraversion had no effect on face recognition, nor did a subject's cognitive style seem to be associated with extraversion or neuroticism scores. 相似文献
92.
S. Alexandra Burt Matt McGue William G. Iacono 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(3):327-337
It has recently been argued that shared environmental influences are moderate, identifiable, and persistent sources of individual
differences in most forms of child and adolescent psychopathology, including antisocial behavior. Unfortunately, prior studies
examining the stability of shared environmental influences over time were limited by possible passive gene-environment correlations,
shared informants effects, and/or common experiences of trauma. The current study sought to address each of these limitations.
We examined adolescent self-reported antisocial behavior in a 3.5 year longitudinal sample of 610 biological and adoptive
sibling pairs from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS). Results revealed that 74–81% of shared environmental
influences present at time 1 were also present at time 2, whereas most non-shared environmental influences (88–89%) were specific
to a particular assessment period. Such results provide an important constructive replication of prior research, strongly
suggesting that shared environmental contributions to antisocial behavior are systematic in nature. 相似文献
93.
Humbad MN Donnellan MB Iacono WG McGue M Burt SA 《Personality and individual differences》2010,49(7):827-830
We investigated whether spousal similarity for personality traits results from convergence (i.e., couples becoming more similar to one another over time) or selection (i.e., individuals selecting partners with similar traits) in a sample of 1,296 married couples. Personality was assessed using the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. We evaluated whether similarity increased with increasing length of marriage. Evidence of spousal convergence was inconsistent across analyses, arguing against this mechanism as a compelling explanation for spousal similarity. Accordingly, selection processes may better explain spousal similarity in these data. The one exception might be for aggressive aspects of personality. 相似文献
94.
Fallon R. Levine James E. Coxworth David A. Stevenson Thérèse Tuohy Randall W. Burt Anita Y. Kinney 《Journal of genetic counseling》2010,19(3):269-279
Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is the second most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome and confers a nearly
100% lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer. Understanding factors that facilitate and inhibit genetic testing and
cancer surveillance in children who are members of families affected by FAP will better equip clinicians to clarify misunderstandings
and facilitate appropriate care. The aims of this study were to examine parental attitudes and beliefs regarding endoscopic
surveillance and genetic testing in minors at risk for developing FAP. This cross-sectional study includes analyses of qualitative
and quantitative interview data collected from parents of children with or at risk for FAP. This report includes data from
28 parents with a total of 51 biological children between 10–17 years of age. The parents had a clinical and/or genetic diagnosis
of FAP. Most commonly reported facilitators included provider recommendation (surveillance) and personalized medical management
(genetic testing). Most commonly reported barriers included lack of provider recommendation (surveillance) and cost (genetic
testing). 相似文献
95.
Henderson Heather L. Bloodhart Brittany Adams Amanda S. Barnes Rebecca T. Burt Melissa Clinton Sandra Godfrey Elaine Pollack Ilana Fischer Emily V. Hernandez Paul R. 《Social Psychology of Education》2022,25(2-3):649-674
Social Psychology of Education - An abundance of literature has examined barriers to women’s equitable representation in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields, with many... 相似文献
96.
Roger W. Remington Jennifer S. Burt Stefanie I. Becker 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2018,80(7):1683-1690
In completing daily activities, the eyes make a series of saccades by gazing at stimuli in succession. The duration of gaze on each stimulus has been used to infer how the initiation of a saccade is timed relative to the underlying mental processing. In reading, gaze dwells longer on a word that occurs infrequently in English text (low frequency) than on a more frequent word (high frequency), but also on the following word, which is referred to as spillover. Accounts of spillover attribute it to mechanisms of lexical access. A low-frequency word n is assumed to delay the onset of cognitive processing of word n+1 more than it delays the saccade to n+1, leaving more processing to be done on n+1 once it is fixated. We tested this assumption by having participants perform a series of speeded lexical decisions on a linear array of letter strings spaced 5° apart, using low- and high-frequency words to vary the lexical difficulty. Lexical decision adds a response selection stage that is absent in reading, which should eliminate differential effects on saccades and cognitive processing. Nonetheless, we found the typical pattern of lengthened gaze duration and spillover for low-frequency words, with effects that were consistent in magnitude with those seen in studies of reading. These data challenge existing accounts of spillover and argue against the idea that reading has a unique interaction with oculomotor control. Instead, the similarity of our gaze patterns to those of reading suggests a common pattern of saccade initiation across tasks. 相似文献
97.
Although the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS) has been utilized across several clinical settings, its potential utility
within forensic psychiatric hospitals has not yet been investigated. Given the diversity of training and background among
correctional mental health workers (i.e., psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, occupational therapists, recreation therapists,
psychologists, social workers,etc.) it is possible that the uniform use of the BPRS among the correctional staff would require
extensive training and that substantial “refresher” training may be required to maintain the integrity of rater practices.
The present study examined the ability of previously trained forensic mental health professionals to accurately assess psychopathology
using the BPRS. Overall,experienced raters demonstrated relatively high concordance rates with “gold standard” ratings across
three BPRS training videos (Case 1, Case2 and Case 3). No overall “rater drift” was apparent. However, raters were found to
make significantly more errors when rating behavioral observation ratings than for ratings based on self-report patient statements.
Findings suggest that ratings done by forensic mental health workers are relatively accurate when compared to “gold standard”
ratings established for assessment of community and forensic psychiatric patients.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
98.
Research has documented high levels of covariation among childhood externalizing disorders, but the etiology of this covariation is unclear. To unravel the sources of covariation among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD), the authors studied 11-year-old twins (N = 1,506) from the Minnesota Twin Family Study. Symptom counts for each of these disorders were obtained from interviews administered to the twins and their mothers. A model was fit that allowed the parsing of genetic, shared environmental (factors that make family members similar to each other), and nonshared environmental (factors that make family members different from each other) contributions to covariation. The results revealed that although each disorder was influenced by genetic and environmental factors, a single shared environmental factor made the largest contribution to the covariation among ADHD, ODD, and CD. 相似文献
99.
Colored target words were presented with distractor nonwords in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. In Experiment 1, the attentional blink (AB) effect on T2 accuracy was larger when T1 was a difficult (low-frequency) word than when it was a high-frequency word. In Experiment 2 the effect of T1 frequency on the AB was replicated in a between-participants design, and the frequency of T1’s one-letter different neighbors (e.g., case, bare, for care) interacted with T1 frequency in its effects on T2 accuracy. Experiment 3 confirmed the effect of T1 frequency over 6 T1-T2 lags. The effects of T1 characteristics were sensitively assessed in the AB and were more consistent with resource depletion theories than control-process accounts. 相似文献
100.
There are two common approaches to sub-typing the well-documented heterogeneity within antisocial behavior: age-of-onset (i.e.,
childhood-onset versus adolescence-onset; see Moffitt 1993) and behavioral (i.e., physical aggression versus non-aggressive rule-breaking). These approaches appear to be associated,
such that aggression is more characteristic of childhood-onset antisocial behavior whereas rule-breaking is linked to both
child- and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior. However, it remains unclear which approach, if either, better explains the
heterogeneity within antisocial behavior. We examined this question in a prospective sample of male twins, assessed at the
ages of 11, 14, 17, and 24 years. Although the age-of-onset subtypes predicted adult antisocial behavior in the expected direction
when analyzed alone, this association dissipated once we controlled for aggression and rule-breaking. Such findings suggest
that the behavioral sub-types of antisocial behavior may be a stronger predictor of later antisocial outcomes than is its
age-of-onset. 相似文献