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101.
S. Alexandra Burt Matt McGue William G. Iacono 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(3):327-337
It has recently been argued that shared environmental influences are moderate, identifiable, and persistent sources of individual
differences in most forms of child and adolescent psychopathology, including antisocial behavior. Unfortunately, prior studies
examining the stability of shared environmental influences over time were limited by possible passive gene-environment correlations,
shared informants effects, and/or common experiences of trauma. The current study sought to address each of these limitations.
We examined adolescent self-reported antisocial behavior in a 3.5 year longitudinal sample of 610 biological and adoptive
sibling pairs from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS). Results revealed that 74–81% of shared environmental
influences present at time 1 were also present at time 2, whereas most non-shared environmental influences (88–89%) were specific
to a particular assessment period. Such results provide an important constructive replication of prior research, strongly
suggesting that shared environmental contributions to antisocial behavior are systematic in nature. 相似文献
102.
Humbad MN Donnellan MB Iacono WG McGue M Burt SA 《Personality and individual differences》2010,49(7):827-830
We investigated whether spousal similarity for personality traits results from convergence (i.e., couples becoming more similar to one another over time) or selection (i.e., individuals selecting partners with similar traits) in a sample of 1,296 married couples. Personality was assessed using the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire. We evaluated whether similarity increased with increasing length of marriage. Evidence of spousal convergence was inconsistent across analyses, arguing against this mechanism as a compelling explanation for spousal similarity. Accordingly, selection processes may better explain spousal similarity in these data. The one exception might be for aggressive aspects of personality. 相似文献
103.
104.
Masten AS Roisman GI Long JD Burt KB Obradovic J Riley JR Boelcke-Stennes K Tellegen A 《Developmental psychology》2005,41(5):733-746
A developmental cascade model linking competence and symptoms was tested in a study of a normative, urban school sample of 205 children (initially 8 to 12 years old). Internalizing and externalizing symptoms and academic competence were assessed by multiple methods at the study outset and after 7, 10, and 20 years. A series of nested cascade models was tested through structural equation modeling. The final model indicated 2 hypothesized cascade effects: Externalizing problems evident in childhood appeared to undermine academic competence by adolescence, which subsequently showed a negative effect on internalizing problems in young adulthood. A significant exploratory effect was consistent with internalizing symptoms containing or lowering the net risk for externalizing problems under some conditions. These 3 cascade effects did not differ by gender and were not attributable to effects of IQ, parenting quality, or socioeconomic differences. Implications are discussed for developmental models of cascades, progressions, and preventive interventions. 相似文献
105.
The authors examined genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change in heavy drinking from late adolescence to young adulthood in a sample of 1,152 twin pairs. In men, heavy drinking was similarly heritable at ages 17 (h2=.57) and 20 (h2=.39), and its stability owed primarily to common genetic factors. In women, heavy drinking was less heritable than in men at ages 17 (h2=.18) and 20 (h2=.30) and its stability was primarily due to enduring shared environmental influences. P3 amplitude, an event-related brain potential marker of alcoholism risk, was less predictive of heavy drinking in women than in men, providing further support for the proposition that biological factors have less impact on heavy drinking in young adult women than in young adult men. 相似文献
106.
Female condition influences preferences for sexual dimorphism in faces of male humans (Homo sapiens)
Penton-Voak IS Little AC Jones BC Burt DM Tiddeman BP Perrett DI 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2003,117(3):264-271
In some species, female condition correlates positively with preferences for male secondary sexual traits. Women's preferences for sexually dimorphic characteristics in male faces (facial masculinity) have recently been reported to covary with self-reported attractiveness. As women's attractiveness has been proposed to signal reproductive condition, the findings in human (Homo sapiens) and other species may reflect similar processes. The current study investigated whether the covariation between condition and preferences for masculinity would generalize to 2 further measures of female attractiveness: other-rated facial attractiveness and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Women with high (unattractive) WHR and/or relatively low other-rated facial attractiveness preferred more "feminine" male faces when choosing faces for a long-term relationship than when choosing for a short-term relationship, possibly reflecting diverse tactics in female mate choice. 相似文献
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109.
Cyril Burt 《Psychometrika》1938,3(3):151-168
A correlation matrix may be expanded as the weighted sum of a series of unit hierarchies. The properties of the unit hierarchy are not only of theoretical interest for themselves, but lead to simpler modes of practical calculation. The analysis is analogous to a spectral set of projective operations in quantum-theory: and the analogy itself suggests many further problems and solutions. 相似文献
110.
Attention switching between perception and memory 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Two experiments were conducted to explore the switching of attention between perception and memory. In Experiment 1, college students performed a task that required them to cycle or switch attention between perceptual and memorial inputs. Switching times of 293 and 376 msec per switch were obtained on the basis of two formulas. In Experiment 2, the attentional load was manipulated by varying the number of perceptual and memorial inputs. Switching time increased as a function of list length, indicating that item load affects both the control processes that set attentional allocation policies and one’s ability to perform memory and/or perceptual tasks. These results suggest that modularity, or encapsulation of item and control-process systems, does not hold. A model is presented that depicts the relation between item and control-process representation in rapidly alternating attention between perception and memory. 相似文献