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991.
A large number of ratios between movement and breathing are possible, but only a small number have been performed during exercise. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate displays that might facilitate the performance of other ratios; and (2) to test predictions from the sine circle map and continued fractions in a model motor-respiratory task in which participants coordinated arm movement and breathing. Displays consisted of either real-time feedback or a template (non-feedback). The accuracy of ratio performance was significantly greater with the template in which the number and relative positioning of movements and breaths was depicted, compared to with real-time feedback. Across displays, the stability of ratio performance conformed to principles of the sine circle map and was significantly greater for ratios with longer continued fractions. Therefore, the motor-respiratory repertoire can be expanded by increasing participants’ understanding of the pattern to be performed, but performance is constrained by general dynamical principles. 相似文献
992.
This research investigated the hypothesis that better recognition for own-race than other-race faces is a result of social categorization rather than perceptual expertise. More specifically, we explored how the salience of race or university group boundaries would affect recall of faces. Using a modified facial recognition paradigm, on each trial eight Black and White faces were spatially organized either by race or university affiliation to induce categorization primarily based on one of these dimensions. When grouped by race, participants had superior recall for own-race faces and university affiliation had no effect. When grouped by university, participants had superior recall for own-university faces and race had no effect. Using identical stimuli across conditions, recall was superior for ingroup targets on the experimentally induced dimension of categorization, supportive of a social categorization based explanation of the cross-race effect. 相似文献
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995.
Briand (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 24:1243–1256, 1998) and Briand and Klein (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 13:228–241, 1987) demonstrated that spatial cueing effects are larger for detecting conjunction of features than for detecting simple features
when spatial attention is oriented exogenously, and not when attention is oriented endogenously. Their results were interpreted
as if only exogenous attention affects the posterior spatial attention system that performs the feature binding function attributed
to spatial attention by Treisman’s feature integration theory (FIT; 1980). In a series of 6 experiments, we attempted to replicate
Briand’s findings. Manipulations of distractor string size and symmetry of stimulus presentation left and right from fixation
were implemented in Posner’s cueing paradigm. The data indicate that both exogenous and endogenous cueing address the same
attentional mechanism needed for feature binding. The results also limit the generalisability of Briand’s proposal concerning
the role of exogenous attention in feature integration. Furthermore, the importance to control the effect of unintended attentional
capture in a cueing task is demonstrated. 相似文献
996.
Luca Latini-Corazzini Marie Pascale Nesa Mathieu Ceccaldi Eric Guedj Catherine Thinus-Blanc Franco Cauda Federico Dagata Patrick Péruch 《Psychological research》2010,74(6):545-559
We investigated the characteristics of route and survey processing of a unique complex virtual environment both at the behavioral
and brain levels. Prior to fMRI scanning, participants were trained to follow a route and to learn the spatial relationships
between several places, acquiring both route and survey knowledge from a ground-level perspective. During scanning, snapshots
of the environment were presented, and participants were required to either indicate the direction to take to follow the route
(route task), or to locate unseen targets (survey task). Data suggest that route and survey processing are mainly supported
by a common occipito-fronto-parieto-temporal neural network. Our results are consistent with those gathered in studies concerning
the neural bases of route versus survey knowledge acquired either from different perspectives or in different environments.
However, rather than arguing for a clear distinction between route and survey processing, “mixed” strategies are likely to
be involved when both types of encoding take place in the same environment. 相似文献
997.
Danny C. Duke Mary L. Keeley Emily J. Ricketts Gary R. Geffken Eric A. Storch 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(2):281-292
This study examined the phenomenology of hairpulling in a large nonclinical college student sample. Given that hairpulling
is conceptualized as occurring on a continuum of severity, we expected to inform the assessment and treatment of Trichotillomania
(TTM) by examining hairpulling behavior across its range of presentation. Hairpulling occurred at a rate of 9.7%, while average
age of onset was 13.57 years. Self-reported hairpulling styles were identified with 31.3% endorsing focused hairpulling, while
68.7% endorsed an automatic hairpulling style. The most commonly endorsed ritual was “examine the root (37.3%) while the scalp
was the most frequently endorsed hairpulling site (49%). Eyelashes were more frequently endorsed as a pulling site by focused
(43.8) compared to automatic (5.7%) hairpullers. The hairpulling environments most often endorsed were “while reading” and
“while studying” (75%). Affective states were found to change across the pulling cycle in support of hairpulling serving in
an emotion regulation capacity. Focused hairpullers endorsed significantly higher trait anxiety than automatic hairpullers.
Depression scores (BDI) were elevated for hairpullers compared to non-hairpullers. Implications for assessment and treatment
were discussed and directions for future research were provided. 相似文献
998.
Linda Rhoades Shanock Benjamin E. Baran William A. Gentry Stacy Clever Pattison Eric D. Heggestad 《Journal of business and psychology》2010,25(4):543-554
Polynomial regression with response surface analysis is a sophisticated statistical approach that has become increasingly
popular in multisource feedback research (e.g., self-observer rating discrepancy). The approach allows researchers to examine
the extent to which combinations of two predictor variables relate to an outcome variable, particularly in the case when the
discrepancy (difference) between the two predictor variables is a central consideration. We believe this approach has potential
for application to a wide variety of research questions. To enhance interest and use of this technique, we provide ideas for
future research directions that might benefit from the application of this analytic tool. We also walk through a step-by-step
example of how to conduct polynomial regression and response surface analysis and provide all the tools you will need to do
the analyses and graph the results (including SPSS syntax, formulas, and a downloadable Excel spreadsheet). Our example involves
how discrepancies in perceived supervisor and organizational support relate to affective commitment. Finally, we discuss how
this approach is a better, more informative alternative to difference scores and can be applied to the examination of two-way
interactions in moderated regression. 相似文献
999.
Randomization is the "gold standard" design for clinical research trials, and is accepted as the best way to reduce bias. Although some controversy remains over this matter, we believe equipoise is the fundamental ethical requirement for conducting a randomized clinical trial. Despite much attention to the ethics of randomization, the moral psychology of this study design has not been explored. This paper analyzes the ethical tensions that arise from conducting these studies, and examines the moral psychology of this design from the perspectives of physician-investigators and patient-subjects. We conclude with a discussion of the practical implications of this analysis. 相似文献
1000.
Memory-impaired patients express intact implicit perceptual-motor sequence learning, but it has been difficult to obtain a
similarly clear dissociation in healthy participants. When explicit memory is intact, participants acquire some explicit knowledge
and performance improvements from implicit learning may be subtle. Therefore, it is difficult to determine whether performance
exceeds what could be expected on the basis of the concomitant explicit knowledge. Using a challenging new sequence-learning
task, robust implicit learning was found in healthy participants with virtually no associated explicit knowledge. Participants
trained on a repeating sequence that was selected randomly from a set of five. On a performance test of all five sequences,
performance was best on the trained sequence, and two-thirds of the participants exhibited individually reliable improvement
(by chi-square analysis). Participants could not reliably indicate which sequence had been trained by either recognition or
recall. Only by expressing their knowledge via performance were participants able to indicate which sequence they had learned. 相似文献