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Longitudinal data from 338 individuals across 64 teams in a simulation‐based team‐training context were used to examine the effects of dispositional goal orientation on self‐regulated learning (self‐efficacy and metacognition). Team goal orientation compositions, as reflected by average goal orientations of team members, were examined for moderating effects on these individual‐level relationships. Finally, individual‐level self‐regulation was investigated for its influence on multiple team‐level outcomes across time. Results showed generally positive effects of learning goal orientation and negative effects of avoid performance and prove performance goal orientations on rates of self‐regulation during team training. However, several of these individual‐level relationships were moderated by team goal orientation composition. The importance of self‐regulation in teams was displayed by results showing the average level of self‐regulation among a team's members over time was positively associated with team efficacy, team cooperation quality, and team decision making. 相似文献
34.
Nairne and collaborators showed that assessing the relevance of words in the context of an imagined survival scenario boosts memory for these words. Although this survival-processing advantage has attracted a considerable amount of research, little is known about the proximate memory mechanism mediating this effect. Recently, Kroneisen and Erdfelder (2011) argued that it is not survival processing itself that facilitates recall but rather the richness and distinctiveness of encoding that is triggered by the survival-processing task. Alternatively, however, it is also conceivable that survival processing fosters interactive imagery, a process known to improve associative learning. To test these explanations we compared relevance-rating and interactive imagery tasks for survival and control scenarios. Results show that the survival advantage replicates in the relevance-rating condition but vanishes in the interactive imagery condition. This refutes the interactive imagery explanation and corroborates the richness-of-encoding hypothesis of the survival-processing effect. 相似文献
35.
Erich W. Schienke Seth D. Baum Nancy Tuana Kenneth J. Davis Klaus Keller 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(3):503-523
In this essay we develop and argue for the adoption of a more comprehensive model of research ethics than is included within
current conceptions of responsible conduct of research (RCR). We argue that our model, which we label the ethical dimensions
of scientific research (EDSR), is a more comprehensive approach to encouraging ethically responsible scientific research compared
to the currently typically adopted approach in RCR training. This essay focuses on developing a pedagogical approach that
enables scientists to better understand and appreciate one important component of this model, what we call intrinsic ethics. Intrinsic ethical issues arise when values and ethical assumptions are embedded within scientific findings and analytical
methods. Through a close examination of a case study and its application in teaching, namely, evaluation of climate change
integrated assessment models, this paper develops a method and case for including intrinsic ethics within research ethics
training to provide scientists with a comprehensive understanding and appreciation of the critical role of values and ethical
choices in the production of research outcomes. 相似文献
36.
Models of reciprocity imply that cheater detection is an important prerequisite for successful social exchange. Considering the fundamental role of memory in reciprocal exchange, these theories lead to the prediction that memory for cheaters should be preferentially enhanced. Here, we examine whether information of a partner's previous behaviour in an interaction is automatically retrieved when encountering the face of a partner who previously cheated or cooperated. In two studies, participants played a sequential prisoner's dilemma game with cheaters and cooperative partners. Alternating with the game blocks, participants were asked to classify the smiling or angry facial expressions of cooperators and cheaters. Both experiments revealed congruence effects, reflecting faster identification of the smiles of cooperators (Experiments 1 and 2) and faster identification of the angry facial expressions of cheaters (Experiment 2). Our study provides evidence for the automatic retrieval of the partner's behaviour in the game, regardless of whether partners cheated or cooperated, and thus provides further evidence against the cheater detection hypothesis. 相似文献
37.
Arn J. Schilder Treena R. Orchard Christopher S. Buchner Steffanie A. Strathdee Robert S. Hogg 《Sexuality & culture》2010,14(4):327-343
Douching is a common practice among certain groups of women and MSM, and it is conducted for the purpose of cleanliness as
part of bodily hygiene maintenance. Although there has been considerable research about female vaginal douching, understandings
of rectal douching (RD) for MSM are limited. In the epidemiological and medical literature, RD is presented as a behaviour
that removes beneficial bacteria and the surface epithelium layer of the colon, which can, potentially, increase the risk
of HIV transmission in MSM. The paucity of research on male douching practices is curious given the primacy of anal sex in
HIV prevention initiatives and the widespread nature of rectal douching among this population. This paper provides preliminary
data on RD and is intended to engender a dialogue about male douching and the need for additional research into the cultural
construction of the body among MSM, namely with respect to the anus. Findings were derived from qualitative interviews with
12 young HIV-positive men who had recently become HIV-infected and 12 HIV-negative age-matched counterparts who were participating
in a prospective cohort study. Beliefs about RD differed according to HIV serostatus; HIV-positive men discussed the practice
much more openly than their counterparts did. Pre-coital RD is an embedded behaviour about which very little is known. However,
it is a critical issue to include in the development of effective HIV prevention strategies and warrants an acknowledgement
of importance of the anus in the lives, sexual practices, and identities among MSM. 相似文献
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Three experiments examined age-related differences in irrelevant-speech effects. Younger and older adults were required to recall short prose texts or lists of semantically related words presented visually together with distractor speech. In all experiments, older adults made more semantically related intrusion errors from the irrelevant speech than younger adults. Results of a source memory test suggested that these age-related differences in interference are most likely due to both inhibitory deficits and source-monitoring problems. The results lend partial support to the inhibition deficit theory of cognitive aging. 相似文献
40.
G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social,behavioral, and biomedical sciences 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
G*Power (Erdfelder, Faul, & Buchner, 1996) was designed as a general stand-alone power analysis program for statistical tests
commonly used in social and behavioral research. G*Power 3 is a major extension of, and improvement over, the previous versions.
It runs on widely used computer platforms (i.e., Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Mac OS X 10.4) and covers many different statistical
tests of thet, F, and χ2 test families. In addition, it includes power analyses forz tests and some exact tests. G*Power 3 provides improved effect size calculators and graphic options, supports both distribution-based
and design-based input modes, and offers all types of power analyses in which users might be interested. Like its predecessors,
G*Power 3 is free. 相似文献