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121.
We recorded the pupil diameters of participants performing the words’ color-naming Stroop task (i.e., naming the color of
a word that names a color). Non-color words were used as baseline to firmly establish the effects of semantic relatedness
induced by color word distractors. We replicated the classic Stroop effects of color congruency and color incongruency with
pupillary diameter recordings: relative to non-color words, pupil diameters increased for color distractors that differed
from color responses, while they reduced for color distractors that were identical to color responses. Analyses of the time
courses of pupil responses revealed further differences between color-congruent and color-incongruent distractors, with the
latter inducing a steep increase of pupil size and the former a relatively lower increase. Consistent with previous findings
that have demonstrated that pupil size increases as task demands rise, the present results indicate that pupillometry is a
robust measure of Stroop interference, and it represents a valuable addition to the cognitive scientist’s toolbox. 相似文献
122.
Previous studies have shown that acquired prosopagnosia is characterized by impairment at holistic/configural processing. However, this view is essentially supported by studies performed with patients whose face recognition difficulties are part of a more general visual (integrative) agnosia. Here, we tested the patient PS, a case of acquired prosopagnosia whose face‐specific recognition difficulties have been related to the inability to process individual faces holistically (absence of inversion, composite, and whole–part effects with faces). Here, we show that in contrast to this impairment, the patient presents with an entirely normal response profile in a Navon hierarchical letter task: she was as fast as normal controls, faster to identify global than local letters, and her sensitivity to global interference during identification of local letters was at least as large as normal observers. These observations indicate that holistic processing as measured with global/local interference in the Navon paradigm is functionally distinct from the ability to perceive an individual face holistically. 相似文献
123.
Repp BH 《Psychological research》2000,63(2):106-128
It is sometimes assumed that limits of temporal discrimination established in psychophysical tasks constrain the timing information
available for the control of action. Results from the five perceptual-motor synchronization experiments presented here argue
against this assumption. Experiment 1 demonstrates that subliminal (0.8–2%) local changes in interval duration in an otherwise
isochronous auditory sequence are rapidly compensated for in the timing of synchronized finger tapping. If this compensation
is based on perception of the highly variable synchronization error (SE) rather than of the local change in stimulus period,
then it could be based solely on SEs that exceed the temporal order threshold. However, that hypothesis is ruled out by additional
analyses of Exp. 1 and the results of Exp. 2, a combined synchronization and temporal order judgment task. Experiments 3–5
further show that three factors that affect the detectability of local deviations from stimulus isochrony do not inhibit effective
compensation for such deviations in synchronized tapping. Experiment 5, a combined synchronization and detection task, shows
directly that compensation for timing perturbations does not depend on explicit detection. Overall, the results suggest that
the automatic processes involved in the temporal control of action have access to more accurate timing information than do
the conscious decision processes of auditory temporal judgment.
Received: 19 November 1998 / Accepted: 18 March 1999 相似文献
124.
125.
Nicola Bruno 《Cognitive processing》2006,7(1):22-22
Background
Perceiving the three-dimensional structure of an object often involves merging vision and haptics over extended periods of exploration. An interesting feature of this process is that as exploration progresses, new information may require changing how the two sensory signals are treated.Aims
We tested whether (1) bimodal interactions during extended observation can adjust to changes in the quality of unimodal sensory signals; and (2) there are specific temporal constraints on these adjustments.Methods
When viewing a three-dimensional Necker cube with one eye, participants experience illusory reversals even while they feel the cube with their hands. This surprising property makes the visual–haptic Necker cube an excellent model to investigate bimodal processes when previously consistent bimodal signals change in quality over time or begin to conflict. Our participants reported reversals while they viewed the cube and, at the same time, they either held it with two-finger grips, felt it with while their hands remained stationary, or actively explored it by moving one hand.Results
Consistent with a multisensory approach to three-dimensional form perception, touch had a clear effect on both the number and the duration of illusory percepts. Additionally, when observers alternated between stationary and moving periods during exploration, transitions from stationary to moving-hand haptics played a crucial role in inhibiting illusory reversals. A temporal analysis of the probability of first reversals occurring after different types of motor transition revealed a “vetoing window” initiating approximately 2 s after the transition and lasting at least another 1–2 s.Conclusions
These results suggest that intersensory merging is sensitive to changes in the quality of unimodal signals during exploration, and that adjustments caused by these changes are characterized by specific temporal dynamics.126.
Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibit deficits in perceptual and motor timing as well as impairments in memory and attentional processes that are related to dysfunction of dopaminergic systems in the basal ganglia. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationships existing between impaired duration judgments and defective memory and attention in PD patients. We compared time performance of medicated PD patients and control subjects on a duration reproduction task that is highly memory-dependent, and on a duration production task that could reveal effects of changes in the speed of internal time-keeping mechanisms. Each task was performed in a control counting condition and in a condition requiring divided attention between the temporal task and a concurrent reading task. Moreover, PD patients and control subjects were assessed on memory and attention using a battery of neuropsychological tests. The results revealed that in the concurrent reading condition of the reproduction task, duration judgments tended to be more variable in PD patients than in control subjects. Moreover, variability of duration reproductions was correlated with both measures of memory and of disease severity. In the concurrent reading condition of the production task, duration judgments were significantly shorter in PD patients than in control subjects, and accuracy of duration productions was correlated with scores on sub-tests of short-term memory. The findings suggest that the administration of dopamine did not entirely remove the memory deficits in PD patients. Moreover, DA treatment would have abnormally accelerated the rate of the internal clock leading to shorter duration productions in PD patients. The whole results indicate that dopamine administration in patients might have overshadowed the slowing rate of the internal clock usually reported in non medicated PD patients, without entirely restoring all of the memory functions. 相似文献
127.
Repp BH 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2005,12(6):969-992
Sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), the rhythmic coordination of perception and action, occurs in many contexts, but most
conspicuously in music performance and dance. In the laboratory, it is most often studied in the form of finger tapping to
a sequence of auditory stimuli. This review summarizes theories and empirical findings obtained with the tapping task. Its
eight sections deal with the role of intention, rate limits, the negative mean asynchrony, variability, models of error correction,
perturbation studies, neural correlates of SMS, and SMS in musical contexts. The central theoretical issue is considered to
be how best to characterize the perceptual information and the internal processes that enable people to achieve and maintain
SMS. Recent research suggests that SMS is controlled jointly by two error correction processes (phase correction and period
correction) that differ in their degrees of cognitive control and may be associated with different brain circuits. They exemplify
the general distinction between subconscious mechanisms of action regulation and conscious processes involved in perceptual
judgment and action planning. 相似文献
128.
Patrick?BoninEmail author Bruno?Boyer Alain?Méot Michel?Fayol Sylvie?Droit 《Behavior research methods》2004,36(1):127-139
A set of 142 photographs of actions (taken from Fiez & Tranel, 1997) was standardized in French on name agreement, image agreement,
conceptual familiarity, visual complexity, imageability, age of acquisition, and duration of the depicted actions. Objective
word frequency measures were provided for the infinitive modal forms of the verbs and for the cumulative frequency of the
verbal forms associated with the photographs. Statistics on the variables collected for action items were provided and compared
with the statistics on the same variables collected for object items. The relationships between these variables were analyzed,
and certain comparisons between the current database and other similar published databases of pictures of actions are reported.
Spoken and written naming latencies were also collected for the photographs of actions, and multiple regression analyses revealed
that name agreement, image agreement, and age of acquisition are the major determinants of action naming speed. Finally, certain
analyses were performed to compare object and action naming times. The norms and the spoken and written naming latencies corresponding
to the pictures are available on the Internet (http://www.psy.univ-bpclermont.fr/~pbonin/pbonin-eng.html) and should be of
great use to researchers interested in the processing of actions. 相似文献
129.
Cognitive studies about anxiety suggest that the interplay between automatic and strategic biases in attention to threat is related to the persistence of fear. In the present study, the time-course of attention to pictures with varying threat levels was investigated in high trait anxious (HTA, n=21) and low trait anxious (LTA, n=22) students. In a visual probe detection task, high and mild threat pictures were presented at three durations: 100, 500, and 1250 ms. Results indicated that all individuals attended to the high threat pictures for the 100 ms condition. Differential responding between HTA and LTA individuals was found for the 500 ms condition: only HTA individuals showed an attentional bias for mild threatening stimuli. For the 1250 ms condition, the HTA individuals attended away from high and mild threat pictures. The observed pattern of differential attention to threatening pictures may explain the persistence of fear in HTA individuals. 相似文献
130.
In a previous study, search for a notched-disk target abutting a square among complete-disk nontargets and squares was inefficient in 250-ms exposures, but relatively efficient in 100-ms exposures. This finding was interpreted as evidence that amodal completion proceeds through a mosaic and then a completion stage, with the latter preempting the former. We used the same target but changed its context: Nontargets were instead notched disks near squares. Task set was also different: Participants searched for a complete disk. Contrary to the prediction of the preemption model, search was efficient in the 100-ms condition and inefficient in the 250-ms condition. We propose that in both the present and the previous studies, the target was ambiguous, and task set and context affected how it was perceived. In both experiments, set effects were evident for 100-ms exposures; context effects were evident for 250-ms exposures. 相似文献