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71.
A model is developed which holds that pure-tone intensity discrimination and suprathreshold loudness judgments are based on the same sensory representation. In this model, loudness is a power function of sound intensity. When two tones are presented sequentially, each gives rise to a loudness value along the sensory continuum. In intensity-discrimination experiments, threshold is reached when the loudness difference between the tones exceeds a criterial value. For suprathreshold presentations of tone pairs, judgments of loudness differences are based on the loudness difference between the two tones. The model is shown to accord well with data from both classes of experiments. 相似文献
72.
Michael R. Seitz Bruce A. Weber John T. Jacobson Robin Morehouse 《Brain and language》1980,11(2):261-284
This paper reviews a number of studies done by the authors and others, who have utilized various averaged electroencephalic response (AER) techniques to study speech and language processing. Pertinent studies are described in detail. A relatively new AER technique, auditory brainstem responses (ABR), is described and its usefulness in studying auditory processing activity related to speech and language is outlined. In addition, a series of ABR studies, that have demonstrated significant male—female differences in ABR auditory processing abilities, is presented and the relevance of these data to already established differences in male—female language, hearing, and cognitive abilities is discussed. 相似文献
73.
Bruce L Smith 《Brain and language》1980,10(1):89-97
Audio recordings of the speech of seven patients receiving cortical stimulation during epilepsy surgery were acoustically analyzed, and duration measurements of the sound /s/ under stimulation and nonstimulation conditions were compared. It was found that in the dominant hemisphere, stimulation tended to significantly increase the duration of /s/; but not all stimulation sites were comparably affected. Stimulation of frontal lobe locations was also observed to more frequently result in durational increases than when temporal or parietal sites were stimulated. However, for sites affected, the actual magnitude of durational increase was comparable among the three lobes. 相似文献
74.
This study, using the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI) and the Self-Directed Search (SDS), explored the concurrent validity of Holland's theory for employed non-college-degreed black women. The VPI and the SDS were administered to 102 black women workers in occupational environments consistent with Holland's six vocational environments. The results revealed that four scales of the VPI and four scales of the SDS successfully differentiated the occupational groups consistent with Holland's theoretical notions. In general, the findings lend some support to the concurrent validity of Holland's theory for employed non-college-degreed black women. 相似文献
75.
Bruce Drum 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1981,29(5):505-510
Two parafoveal test targets with different spectral compositions were matched in brightness to a fixed-luminance foveal reference target under scotopic adaptation conditions. The idea of the experiment was to find a reference luminance for which one of the matching test targets stimulated only rods while the other stimulated both rods and cones. If brightness was proportional to the linear sum of rod and cone responses, then the luminance of the matching rod+cone target would be predictably closer to rod threshold than would that of the rod target. The results were complicated by evidence that rod responses to the test targets selectively enhanced weak chromatic signals. Nevertheless, it was possible to show that cone activity never reduced the matching luminance as much as predicted by the additivity hypothesis, and sometimes even increased it. These findings suggest that cone activity can suppress brightness signals from rods. 相似文献
76.
Apparent volume for geometric solids and life-sized two dimensional representations of these solids was scaled by magnitude estimation. Data were adequately fit by power functions whose exponents were less than those previously reported for judgments of apparent length and area. Object shape and mode of presentation affected both magnitude estimations of apparent volume and the best fitting power function exponents. The influence of shape, both across object shape classes and within the cylinder shape class, appears to depend upon the relative elongation of the vertical dimension. 相似文献
77.
In two replications, two groups of dogs were exposed to a series of uncontrollable, electric shocks. For one group the shocks were preceded by a tone (i.e., Paired). For the other group the shocks were randomly related to the tones and hence unpredictable (i.e., Random). Each replication also included a third group; in the first it was exposed only to the series of tones (CS-only), while in the second, it was exposed only to a series of shocks (Shocks-only). Then, all dogs were required to learn a discriminative choice escape/avoidance task in which the required response was to lift the correct paw in the presence of each of two visual SDs to escape or avoid the shocks [()]. Dogs preexposed to random tones and shocks were least successful in learning the task relative to those groups which experienced either predicted shocks, only the tones, or only the shocks, which in turn did not differ from each other. These results permitted the inference that the proactive interference with choice behavior following random tone CSs and shocks was attributable to a learned irrelevance generalized with respect to CSs. 相似文献
78.
John M. Kruse J.Bruce Overmier Wilbert A. Konz Eric Rokke 《Learning and motivation》1983,14(2):165-181
In a transfer-of-control experiment with rats, Pavlovian CSs were tested for the specificity of their effects. The instrumental behavior consisted of a discriminative, conditional two-lever choice task in which qualitatively different appetitive reinforcers were contingent upon the two correct choices. In a Pavlovian phase, subjects experienced conditioning to establish either a CS+ or CS? for one reinforcer or a CS+ or CS? for the other reinforcer. Finally, in a test, these CSs were presented when there was the opportunity to make choice responses. The CS+s evoked choices of the lever which had eventuated in the reinforcer that had served as the Pavlovian US, while the CS?s showed only a slight tendency to evoke the other choice responses. When the CSs were compounded with the original SDs, the CS+s had little effect upon the vigor of responding while the CS?s reduced the vigor of responding to the SD for the reinforcer that was the same as the US used in establishing the CS?. The results are discussed in terms of associative mediational theory and the reinforcer specificity of Pavlovian conditioned excitation and inhibition. 相似文献
79.
Four different establishment programs (programmed traditional, delayed auditory feedback, pause, and gradual increase in length and complexity of utterance) for improving the fluency of school-age children who stutter were compared. The programs were carried out by eight public school clinicians with 16 children (eight elementary and eight junior-senior high school) in their respective schools. All four programs produced important improvement in the speech fluency of the 16 children. All the children demonstrated transfer of fluency to extratraining settings. The delayed auditory feedback program required the least therapy hours, but it was difficult for the clinicians to operate correctly. The gradual increase in length and complexity of utterance programs produced the best overall results. The transfer and maintenance programs provided for additional generalization and permanency of fluency. Follow-up revealed that the children continued their increased level of fluency. 相似文献
80.
Timothy R. Elliot Rebecca R. MacNair Stephen M. Herrick Bruce Yoder Christina A. Byrne 《Journal of applied social psychology》1991,21(16):1293-1302
Examined the interpersonal responses of persons engaged in dyadic interactions with confederates who enacted either depressed or socially appropriate roles and appeared either with or without a physical disability. Subject negative evaluations of confederates were indirectly obtained from a thought-listing measure. The overt behaviors of subjects were surreptitiously recorded on videotape and measures of verbal and nonverbal behavior were acquired. Subjects spoke less to the depressed targets and had significantly higher rates of negative evaluations of these persons. In addition, subjects gazed less at the depressed confederates. These effects were not moderated by target physical appearance. Findings are discussed as they relate to social models of depression and the stigmatizing effects of disability. 相似文献