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921.
Adults value certain unique individuals--such as artwork, sentimental possessions, and memorabilia--more than perfect duplicates. Here we explore the origins of this bias in young children, by using a conjurer's illusion where we appear to produce identical copies of real-world objects. In Study 1, young children were less likely to accept an identical replacement for an attachment object than for a favorite toy. In Study 2, children often valued a personal possession of Queen Elizabeth II more than an identical copy, but showed no such bias for another sort of valuable object. These findings suggest that young children develop attachments to individuals that are independent of any perceptible properties that the individuals possess. 相似文献
922.
Homer BD Solomon TM Moeller RW Mascia A DeRaleau L Halkitis PN 《Psychological bulletin》2008,134(2):301-310
The highly addictive drug methamphetamine has been associated with impairments in social cognitions as evidenced by changes in users' behaviors. Physiological changes in brain structure and functioning, particularly in the frontal lobe, have also been identified. The authors propose a biopsychosocial approach to understanding the effects of methamphetamine addiction by relating the physiological effects of the drug to the behaviors and social cognitions of its users, through the application of the theory of mind paradigm. Although onset of methamphetamine use has been linked to the desire for socialization, chronic use has been associated with an increase in depression, aggressiveness, and social isolation, behaviors that also implicate involvement of the frontal lobe. The reviewed literature provides strong circumstantial evidence that social-cognitive functioning is significantly impacted by methamphetamine use and that the social isolation, depression, and aggressiveness associated with chronic use is due to more than just the social withdrawal associated with addiction. Treatment considerations for methamphetamine must therefore consider the role of social cognition, and pharmacological responses must address the documented impact of the drug on frontal lobe functioning. 相似文献
923.
McGrath LM Hutaff-Lee C Scott A Boada R Shriberg LD Pennington BF 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(2):151-163
This study focuses on the comorbidity between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and speech sound disorder (SSD). SSD is a developmental disorder characterized by speech production errors that impact intelligibility. Previous research addressing this comorbidity has typically used heterogeneous groups of speech-language disordered children. This study employed more precise speech-language diagnostic criteria and examined ADHD symptomatology in 108 SSD children between the ages of 4 and 7 years old with specific language impairment (SLI) (n = 23, 14 males, 9 females) and without SLI (n = 85, 49 males, 36 females). We also examined whether a subcategory of SSD, persistent (n = 39, 25 males, 14 females) versus normalized SSD (n = 67, 38 males, 29 females), was associated with ADHD and/or interacted with SLI to predict ADHD symptomatology. Results indicated that participants in the SSD + SLI group had higher rates of inattentive ADHD symptoms than those in the SSD-only and control groups. In addition, an unexpected interaction emerged such that children with SLI and normalized-SSD had significantly higher ADHD inattentive ratings than the other subgroups. A proposed explanation for this interaction is discussed. 相似文献
924.
Parker MR Young BA Kardong KV 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2008,122(1):35-40
Many stimulus-detection systems are lateralized to allow for simultaneous comparison of paired stimuli. It has been hypothesized that the deeply forked tongue of snakes and some derived lizards functions as a chemical edge detector where cues gathered by each tine are kept separate to provide two points of lateral odor assessment by the central nervous system via vomeronasal input. While following a chemical trail, one time can be on the trail, the other off, and such differential information prompts the snake to turn back to the trail. The authors tested this hypothesis in rattlesnakes within a predatory context by unilaterally severing the vomeronasal nerves. If edge detection is used by snakes during prey trailing, then unilateral denervation should disrupt trailing ability. The authors found no change in the seven separate trailing parameters measured. Therefore, they found no support for the edge detection hypothesis as it applies to prey trailing behavior. Instead, the deeply forked tongue may represent a chemosensory specialization to increase odor-sampling area, with snakes and derived lizards detecting only the concentration of chemical trails. 相似文献
925.
Bruce F. Chorpita Brad J. Nakamura 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(1):52-60
The incorporation of Bayesian logic into diagnostic interviewing may assist with empirically based diagnostic assessment strategies
in practice settings, balancing cost effectiveness, administration demands, and accuracy, yet few demonstrations of such a
system have been undertaken in the context of mental health diagnosis. The present study represented an initial feasibility
demonstration of whether a simplified Bayesian approach offered comparative advantages in interview accuracy and efficiency
against a standard assessment procedure. Two different diagnostic algorithms were compared targeting three selected diagnoses:
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and social phobia (SP). The first algorithm was from
a standard semi-structured diagnostic interview, and the second was from a dynamic system using diagnostic base rate information
to select interview content. The dynamic algorithm reduced administration time and uniformly matched or improved accuracy
over standard procedures.
Preparation of this article was supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health Grant R03 MH60134, an award from
the University of Hawai‘i Research Council, and awards from the Hawaii Departments of Health and Education to the first author. 相似文献
926.
This study tested a hypothesized model of the relationship between maternal depression and child psychological and physical dysfunction mediated by parenting and medication adherence. A sample of 242 children with asthma, aged 7 to 17, participated with their mothers. Maternal depression was assessed by self-report, and parenting was observed during family interaction tasks. Internalizing symptoms were assessed by self- and clinician reports. Asthma disease activity was assessed according to National Heart Lung and Blood Institute guidelines, and medication adherence was evaluated with a 24-hr recall method. Structural equation modeling indicated that negative parenting partially mediated the relationship between maternal depression and child internalizing symptoms. Child internalizing symptoms, in turn, mediated the associations between both maternal depression and negative parenting and asthma disease activity. Medication adherence did not mediate the link from maternal depression to disease activity. Thus, maternal depression was linked to child psychological dysfunction both directly and indirectly via negative parenting but linked to physical dysfunction only indirectly through psychological dysfunction. These findings suggest that diagnosing and treating depression in mothers of children with asthma would enhance child well-being both psychologically and physically. 相似文献
927.
Bruce L. Berg Fernando Sañudo Mel Hovell Carol Sipan Norma Kelley Elaine Blumberg 《Sexuality & culture》2004,8(1):87-103
The use of indigenous researchers has long been practiced in ethnographic research; a similar use of indigenous personnel
has not been as commonly undertaken in interview studies of men who have sex with men (MSM). This research note reports on
the use of indigenous interviewers in a study of Latino MSM’s perceptions about sexual relationships and behaviors.
The full study explores sexual relationships among Latino MSM, and HIV risk behaviors undertaken by a population of MSM residing
in a community in southern California. This research note describes both the strengths and limitations that arise from employing
indigenous interviewers for improving the overall quality of sensitive data. Benefits discussed include improved access to
an otherwise highly restricted group, enhanced rapport-building capabilities, and greater understanding of language unique
to the study population. Limitations discussed include the use of previously untrained interview personnel and age and gender
issues. 相似文献
928.
A Metacompatibilist Account of Free Will: Making Compatibilists and Incompatibilists More Compatible
The debate over free will has pittedlibertarian insistence on open alternativesagainst the compatibilist view that authenticcommitments can preserve free will in adetermined world. A second schism in the freewill debate sets rationalist belief in thecentrality of reason against nonrationalistswho regard reason as inessential or even animpediment to free will. By looking deeperinto what motivates each of these perspectivesit is possible to find common ground thataccommodates insights from all those competingviews. The resulting metacompatibilist view offree will bridges some of the differencesbetween compatibilists and incompatibilists aswell as between rationalists andnonrationalists, and results in a free willtheory that is both more philosophicallyinclusive and more firmly connected tocontemporary research in psychology andbiology. 相似文献
929.
Bruce N. Waller 《Ratio》2003,16(2):189-197
Pragmatists (such as William James) recommend optimism as a successful strategy, and recent psychological research has confirmed its value. But optimism comes at a price: optimists are less accurate in their assessments and expectations than are pessimists. Thus optimism 'proves itself to be good in the way of belief', and by pragmatic standards should count as true; but that makes the accuracy costs of optimism invisible (the problem is only exacerbated by Rorty's recommendation that pragmatists stop speaking of truth altogether). The problem prevents pragmatists from offering a Darwinian explanation of why pessimism survives, and also blocks any pragmatist account of the well-documented and highly successful exploratory behavior of many animal species. 相似文献
930.
Bruce H Friedman Aimee K Santucci 《Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science》2003,38(4):295-315
A study was conducted to expand the conventional view of cardiovascular (CV) reactivity by using the idiodynamic paradigm for investigation of individuals. Patterns of autonomic CV regulation were assessed in six subjects across diverse laboratory tasks on three separate occasions. Individual CV profiles were derived from these data with P-technique factor analysis, and then group aggregated with chain P-technique. The composite pattern suggested a three-component solution consisting of cardiac rate, cardiac contractility, and peripheral resistance factors. Individual profiles were compared to the composite pattern; these profiles differed in the number of components derived, percentage variance explained by these components, and relative dominance of specific CV components. A hypothesis that emerged is that the subjects differed in the complexity of CV control. It appears that the idiodynamic framework, combined with novel research designs and statistical methods, may help expand the view of CV reactivity beyond the traditional unitary view as response magnitude. 相似文献